Search (1440 results, page 3 of 72)

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Abstract

Computers are having a tremendous impact on chemical research and the teaching of chemistry. This situation in turn is fostering advances in chemical information science and technology (chemical informatics). Technological changes have caused re-examination of the programme to train chemical information specialists at Indiana University, resulting in the modification of existing courses and the creation of new courses and degree options. Describes plans for their implementation and for the establishment of joint industry-academic research projects

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Abstract

The basic definitions and properties of the Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (IFSs) are introduced in the book. The IFSs are substantial extensions of the ordinary fuzzy sets. IFSs are objects having degrees of membership and of non-membership, such that their sum is exactly 1. The most important property of IFS not shared by the fuzzy sets is that modal-like operatores can be defined over IFSs

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Abstract

The libraries of more and more universities and research institutions have local digital repositories, and the amount of material is increasing every day. Users need an integrated retrieval interface that allows aggregated searching across multiple document servers without having to resort to manual processes. ProPrint offers an on-demand print service within Germany for over 2,000 monographs and 1,000 journals. Partners worldwide are now invited to join.

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Abstract

Having reached the US Supreme Court in 1997, the Communications Decency Act (1996) has strong implications for Internet service providers. How to protect children while not denying adult rights of access is an issue which has impacted successively upon motion pictures, reading materials, radio, television and cable. The case for freedom of electronic speech appears compelling. The problems of obscenity, encryption (cryptography) and provocative 'cyberspeech' on the Internet offers a field day for litigation

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Abstract

Daghestanian languages are traditionally described as having a distinct experiencer, or affective, construction used with experiencer verbs, with the experiencer in an oblique case (dative, locative, affective, etc.) and the stimulus in the absolutive. This paper explores the basic morphological and syntactic features of this experiencer construction in a broad sample of these languages.

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Abstract

Bericht über: Levels of Reality, Seminar, Bolzano (Bozen) Italy, 26-28 September 2007: Ontologies, the knowledge organization systems now widely used in knowledge management applications, take their name from a branch of philosophy. Philosophical ontology deals with the kinds and the properties of what exists, and with how they can be described by categories like entity, attribute, or process. Readers familiar with facet analysis will notice some analogy with the "fundamental categories" of faceted classifications, and this resemblance is not accidental. Indeed, knowledge organization systems use conceptual structures that can be variously reconnected with the categories of ontology. Though having more practical purposes, the ontologies and classifications of information science can benefit of those of philosophy.
Darin: "However, John Sowa (Vivomind, USA) argued in his speech that the formalized approach, already undertaken by the pioneering project Cyc now having run for 23 years, is not the best way to analyze complex systems. People don't really use axioms in their cognitive processes (even mathematicians first get an idea intuitively, then work on axioms and proofs only at the moment of writing papers). To map between different ontologies, the Vivomind Analogy Engine throws axioms out, and searches instead for analogies in their structures. Analogy is a pragmatic human faculty using a combination of the three logical procedures of deduction, induction, and abduction. Guarino comments that people can communicate without need of axioms as they share a common context, but in order to teach computers how to operate, the requirements are different: he would not trust an airport control system working by analogy."

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Abstract

A survey of 4,032 youth in grades 5 through 12 was conducted to determine the impact youth's use of the Internet was having on their use of the public library. Results indicated that 100% of the youth had access to the Internet from one or more locations, and that although one quarter of the youth accessed the Internet at the public library, the public library was the least frequently used source of Internet access. For youth without Internet access at home, the public library was also the least used alternate source of access. Approximately 69% of the youth reported that they had visited a public library during the school year. Having Internet access at home did not affect whether or not youth visited the library however, Internet access at home appears to have affected the frequency with which youth visit the library. Youth without Internet access at home visited the library more frequently, whereas youth with Internet access at home visited the library less frequently. Use of the Internet also appeared to have diminished youth's need to use the public library as a source of personal information however, use of the Internet appeared not to have affected their use of the public library for school work or for recreation. Among youth, use of both the Internet and the public library appear to be complementary activities.

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Abstract

Classical test theory offers theoretically derived reliability measures such as Cronbach's alpha, which can be applied to measure the reliability of a set of Information Retrieval test results. The theory also supports item analysis, which identifies queries that are hampering the test's reliability, and which may be candidates for refinement or removal. A generalization of Classical Test Theory, called Generalizability Theory, provides an even richer set of tools. It allows us to estimate the reliability of a test as a function of the number of queries, assessors (relevance judges), and other aspects of the test's design. One novel aspect of Generalizability Theory is that it allows this estimation of reliability even before the test collection exists, based purely on the numbers of queries and assessors that it will contain. These calculations can help test designers in advance, by allowing them to compare the reliability of test designs with various numbers of queries and relevance assessors, and to spend their limited budgets on a design that maximizes reliability. Empirical analysis shows that in cases for which our data is representative, having more queries is more helpful for reliability than having more assessors. It also suggests that reliability may be improved with a per-document performance measure, as opposed to a document-set based performance measure, where appropriate. The theory also clarifies the implicit debate in IR literature regarding the nature of error in relevance judgments.

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Abstract

Four subjects - ecology, applied mathematics, sociology, and economics - were selected to assess whether there is a citation advantage between journal articles that have an open-access (OA) version on the Internet compared to those articles that are exclusively toll access (TA). Citations were counted using the Web of Science, and the OA status of articles was determined by searching OAIster, OpenDOAR, Google, and Google Scholar. Of a sample of 4,633 articles examined, 2,280 (49%) were OA and had a mean citation count of 9.04 whereas the mean for TA articles was 5.76. There appears to be a clear citation advantage for those articles that are OA as opposed to those that are TA. This advantage, however, varies between disciplines, with sociology having the highest citation advantage, but the lowest number of OA articles, from the sample taken, and ecology having the highest individual citation count for OA articles, but the smallest citation advantage. Tests of correlation or association between OA status and a number of variables were generally found to weak or inconsistent. The cause of this citation advantage has not been determined.

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Abstract

In litigation in the US, the parties are obligated to produce to one another, when requested, those documents that are potentially relevant to issues and facts of the litigation (called discovery). As the volume of electronic documents continues to grow, the expense of dealing with this obligation threatens to surpass the amounts at issue and the time to identify these relevant documents can delay a case for months or years. The same holds true for government investigations and third-parties served with subpoenas. As a result, litigants are looking for ways to reduce the time and expense of discovery. One approach is to supplant or reduce the traditional means of having people, usually attorneys, read each document, with automated procedures that use information retrieval and machine categorization to identify the relevant documents. This study compared an original categorization, obtained as part of a response to a Department of Justice Request and produced by having one or more of 225 attorneys review each document with automated categorization systems provided by two legal service providers. The goal was to determine whether the automated systems could categorize documents at least as well as human reviewers could, thereby saving time and expense. The results support the idea that machine categorization is no less accurate at identifying relevant/responsive documents than employing a team of reviewers. Based on these results, it would appear that using machine categorization can be a reasonable substitute for human review.

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Abstract

Purpose - This paper aims to report an empirical study of the information-related behaviour of emerging artists and designers. It also aims to add to understanding of the information behaviour of the group both as practising artists (a little understood category of information users), and also as "new practitioners". Design/methodology/approach - A literature analysis is used to guide creation of an online questionnaire, eliciting both qualitative and quantitative data. A total of 78 practising artists participated, all having graduated in the seven years prior to the survey. Findings - The group have generally the same information practices as more established artists. They place reliance on internet and social networks, while also using traditional printed tools and libraries. Browsing is important, but not a predominant means of accessing information. Inspiration is found from a very diverse and idiosyncratic set of sources, often by serendipitous means. Their status as emergent practitioners means that their information behaviour is governed by cost factors, and by needs for career advice and interaction with peers. Research limitations/implications - The study group are a convenience sample, all having access to the internet. No observation or interviews were carried out. Practical implications - The results will provide guidance to academic and public librarians serving artist users, and to those providing career advice to them. It will also be valuable to those providing services to "new practitioners" in any field. Originality/value - This is one of a very few papers reporting empirical studies of the information behaviour of artists, and has the largest sample size of any such study. It is one of a very few papers considering the information needs and behaviour of new practitioners.

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Abstract

There are quite a few success stories illustrating philosophy's relevance to information science. One can cite, for example, Leibniz's work on a characteristica universalis and a corresponding calculus ratiocinator through which he aspired to reduce reasoning to calculating. It goes without saying that formal logic initiated research on decidability and computational complexity. But even beyond the realm of formal logic, philosophy has served as a source of inspiration for developments in information and computer science. At the end of the twentieth century, formal ontology emerged from a quest for a semantic foundation of information systems having a higher reusability than systems being available at the time. A success story that is less well documented is the advent of frame systems in computer science. Minsky is credited with having laid out the foundational ideas of such systems. There, the logic programming approach to knowledge representation is criticized by arguing that one should be more careful about the way human beings recognize objects and situations. Notably, the paper draws heavily on the writings of Kuhn and the Gestalt-theorists. It is not our intent, however, to document the traces of the frame idea in the works of philosophers. What follows is, rather, an exposition of a methodology for representing scientific knowledge that is essentially frame-like. This methodology is labelled as structuralist theory of science or, in short, as structuralism. The frame-like character of its basic meta-theoretical concepts makes structuralism likely to be useful in knowledge representation.

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Abstract

A computerised presentation teaching method of NOTIS commands and search strategies in on-line catalogues was produced using ShowPartner F/X software. Students viewed the presentation and completed a NOTIS search exercise. A 2nd group of students from the same class completed the exercise without having viewed the presentation. A comparison of the 2 groups' exercises and transaction logs show that the group that viewed the presentation proved better at using correct NOTIS commands and formulationg effective search strategies. The greatest differences between the 2 groups were in subject searching (LCSH and keyword) and in locating specific items

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Abstract

Discusses opportunities for libraries offered by the availability of full image multimedia CD-ROM databases allowing access to vomplete articles as they appeared in the printed periodicals. By incorporating CD-ROMs with hardware such as CD-ROM jukeboxes and central print servers, libraries can allow several users to simultaneous request facsimile reprints of articles without ever having to locate a periodical or other publication. Such a system could deliver documents on the same day at an average cost of 5 dollars per article. Current technology stops short of allowing users to browse image databases because it is expected that this hurdle could be cleared within the next 5 years

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Abstract

The inability of students to evaluate information sources often results in lists of bibliographic references that may be termed, relative to student needs, value-zero citations. This problem has exacerbated by the advent of CD-ROM databases that may yield more but not necessariliy more relevant information to undergraduate students. Reports the findings of a 2-part study conducted at the Alexander Library, Rutgers Univ. to discover what problems students were having that led to this situation. The study emphasises a 2-tier value-added instructional model that incorporates the reaching of critical thinking skills, in terms of evaluating citation elements, and information sources

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Abstract

Computer networking is an emerging form of communication which is having major societal and cultural impacts. We first focus on BITNET and INTERNET, which are parts of a worldwide computer network for researchers, academicians, and information professionals. Discusses the services and resources that are available on the network, describes ways that these services can be accessed and used, and suggests derictions for research that may be significant in understanding the impacts that computer mediated communication will have on social interaction, oprganisational structure and culture

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Abstract

CDS/ISIS is a menu-driven generalized information storage and retrieval system designed specifically for the computerized management of structured non-numerical data bases. The unique characteristic of CDS/ISIS is that it is specifically designed to handle fields (and consequently records) of varying length, thus allowing, on the one hand, an optimum utilization of disk storage and, on the other hand, a complete freedom in defining the maximum length of each field. Although some features of CDS/ISIS require some knowledge of and experience with computerized information systems, once an application has been designed the system may be used by persons having little or no prior computer experience.

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Abstract

The National Information on Software and Services (NISS) is a centrally funded initiative for the provision of information services to the UK academic community via the JANET X.25 and IP (JIPS) network utilizing both Wide Area Networking protocols. The key NISS services include: the NISS Gateway; the NISS Bulletin Board; the NISS Public Access Collections (NISSPAC); NISSWAIS; NISS-EP; and NISS-ALEX. The NISS-ALEX service makes it possible for any user to access data on the Internet without having to connect manually to the remote site and gather the information

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Abstract

Financial crisis in many libraries in the USA are leading to catalogue managers finding themselves faced with growing backlogs and fewer people to handle them. Considers the use of minimal level cataloging (MLC) to alleviate the problem. AACR2 allows for considerable variation in the amount of detail cataloguers can provide. Discusses the creation of a local MLC standard which could allow varying levels of description according to type of material. The financial realities of the 1990s mean that the ideal of creating a perfect catalogue record for each title must be balanced agianst the desirability of having a bibliographic record, albeit an imperfect one, available to patrons in the near future

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Abstract

Previously, documentation systems have suffered from the use of descriptors insufficiently keyed to colloquial language ot from the seemingly insoluble problem of automatically processing original texts. The aim is to combine interlinguistic cooperation in literature documentation with special conditions of non-numeric data processing, without having to develop a special standardised documentation language. In 1975 work began on abstracting some American and European journal articles on educational technology using the constructed language Esperanto. The resulting collection of abstracts is being used by the FEoLL Institut für Kybernetische Pädagogik, Paderborn, to develop a conversational system for the retrieval of answers and references