Search (1961 results, page 6 of 99)

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Abstract

List of all Library of Congress sub-Saharan African subject headings including notations for most subject headings and cross-references from related or unused versions of a heading. The volume covers 41 countries. There are altogether some 4.000 subject headings, including the names of over 600 African peoples and nearly 600 African languages

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Abstract

This article examines the role of subject headings in providing access to information for the Spanish-speaking population of the United States. Such tools for assigning subject headings as Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) and Bilindex are examined and their effectiveness assessed. A pika is made to technical services librarians to go beyond standardized methods of cataloging in order to assure meaningful access for Spanish-speaking patrons.

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LCSH

Subject headings / Technology
Subject headings / Engineering

Subject

Subject headings / Technology
Subject headings / Engineering

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Abstract

The syndetic structure of subject headings lists, in particular the broader/narrower term references, constitutes a hidden classification that may be converted to an explicit tree structure. Such a structure may be used to examine the hierarchy of LC subject headings (LCSH) and to compare them with that of Library of Congress Classification (LCC). Joseph Galron's compilation, 'Library of Congress Subject Headings in Jewish Studies (1991)', was analyzed for several features relating to the hierarchy of terms, and trees tructures were built for the deepest hierarchies: Jews, Judaism, Hebrew language, and Israel. These were compared with the corresponding LC classes. A hierarchy in LCSH may have more levels than the corresponding schedule in LCC. It is concluded that the conversion of the BT / NT references of subject headings lists into tree structures is a useful tool for examining the correctness of a hierarchy. Display of subject headings in tree-structure format can assist users in grasping the hierarchy of subject headings and in navigating online catalogs

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Abstract

Library of Congress Subjecl Headings retrieved as the results of a search in an online catalog are likely to be filed in straight alphabetical, word-by-word order, ignoring the semantic structures of these headings and scattering headings of a similar type. This practice makes LC headings unnecessarily difficult to use and negates much of their indexing power. Enthusiasm for filing simplicity and postcoordinate indexing are likely contributing factors to this phenomenon. Since the report Headings for Tomorrow (1992) first raised this issue, filing practices favoring postcoordination over precoordination appear to have become more widespread and more entrenched

Source

The LCSH century: one hundred years with the Library of Congress Subject Headings system. Ed.: A.T. Stone

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Abstract

An analysis of a sample of 9.442 headings assigned by the LoC to bibliographic records disclosed 2 types of invalid headings: those that were erroneous and those that were obsolete. Each type revealed recurring patterns. Errors and obsolete elements occuring in assigned heading involve MARC coding, terminology in main headings and subdivisions, application of subdivisions, and in mechanical elements such as punctuation and capitalization. Different headings (e.g. personal name, corporate name, topical, etc.) display different patterns as well as predominance of errors and obsoleteness. Although the overall error rate is low, an awareness and understanding of patterns of errors and obsolescnce in subject heading strings should contribute to improvement in subject heading assignment and subject authority control

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Content

Vorgänger: 'List of Subject Headings for small libraries, compiled from lists used in nine representative small libraries', Ed.: M.E. Sears. - 1st ed. 1923. - 2nd ed. 1926 .- 3rd ed. 1933. - 4th ed. 1939. - 5th ed. 1944. // 'Sears List of Subject Headings'. Ed.: B.M. Frick. - 6th ed. 1950. - 7th ed. 1954 - 8th ed. 1959. // 'List of Subject Headings'. Ed.: B.M. Wesby. - 9th. ed. 1965. - 10th ed. 1972. - 11th ed. 1977. - 12th ed. 1982. Ed.: C. Rovira u. C. Reyes. - 13th ed. 1986. - 14th ed. 1991. Ed. M.T. Mooney

Object

Sears List of Subject Headings

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Content

Vorgänger: 'List of Subject Headings for small libraries, compiled from lists used in nine representative small libraries', Ed.: M.E. Sears. - 1st ed. 1923. - 2nd ed. 1926. - 3rd ed. 1933. - 4th ed. 1939, Ed.: I.S. Monro. - 5th ed. 1944: 'Sears List of Subject Headings', Ed. I. S. Monro. - 6th ed. 1950, Ed.: B.M. Frick. - 7th ed. 1954 - 8th ed. 1959. - 'List of Subject Headings'. - 9th. ed. 1965, Ed.: B.M. Westby. - 10th ed. 1972. - 11th ed. 1977. - 12th ed. 1982. - 13th ed. 1986, Ed.: C. Rovira u. C. Reyes. - 14th ed. 1991. Ed. M.T. Mooney. - 15th ed. 1994, Ed.: J. Miller - 16th ed. 1997, Ed.: J. Miller

Object

Sears List of Subject Headings

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Content

Vol.1 of the two-volume set provides a list of children's subject headings taken from LoC authority files with abridged Dewey numbers added. The source for the Deqey numbers is Abridged Ed. 13 (published in 1997). Vol.2, the Keyword Index, lists the main words in the subject headings, as well as the first term in each subdivision

Issue

Vol.1: List of headings. Vol.2: Keyword Index. 2nd ed.

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Abstract

The Library of Congress Subject Headings have been criticized for containing biased subject headings. One leading critic has been Sanford Berman, whose 1971 monograph Prejudices and Antipathies: A Tract on the LC Subject Heads Concerning People (P&A) listed a number of objectionable headings and proposed remedies. In the decades since P&A was first published, many of Berman's suggestions have been implemented, while other headings remain unchanged. This paper compiles all of Berman's suggestions and tracks the changes that have occurred; a brief analysis of the remaining areas of bias is included.

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Abstract

Form and genre headings are used in the cataloging of archives and manuscripts, audiovisual materials and monographic works of fiction. These headings can also be useful in cataloging serial publications. Form and genre headings can describe the physical format of a serial as well as the point of view or other characteristics relating to what the serial is, rather than what it is about. The headings are particularly useful in the description of "general" periodicals. Catalogers must exercise caution in assigning terms which might "label" the publication as outlined in the American Library Association's Statement on Labeling.

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Abstract

In several discussions on two electronic lists (AUTOCAT and OLAC-LIST) from 1993 to 2003, librarians expressed interest in using form/genre headings to provide access to foreign films as a separate category of material, as well as by language and country of production, but observed that existing standards do not accommodate these practices. Various options were discussed, including the adaptation of subject headings intended for topical use, geographical subdivision of existing form/genre headings, and the creation of local headings. This paper summarizes the discussions and describes the local policy at Texas A&M University Libraries.

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Abstract

LCSH is known as such since 1975. It always has created headings to serve the LC collections instead of a theoretical basis. It started to replace cross reference codes by thesaural codes in 1986, in a mechanical fashion. It was in no way transformed into a thesaurus. Its encyclopedic coverage, its pre-coordinate concepts make it substantially distinct, considering that thesauri usually map a restricted field of knowledge and use uniterms. The questions raised are whether the new symbols comply with thesaurus standards and if they are true to one or to several models. Explanations and definitions from other lists of subject headings and thesauri, literature in the field of classification and subject indexing will provide some answers. For instance, see refers from a subject heading not used to another or others used. Exceptionally it will lead from a specific term to a more general one. Some equate a see reference with the equivalence relationship. Such relationships are pointed by USE in LCSH. See also references are made from the broader subject to narrower parts of it and also between associated subjects. They suggest lateral or vertical connexions as well as reciprocal relationships. They serve a coordination purpose for some, lay down a methodical search itinerary for others. Since their inception in the 1950's thesauri have been devised for indexing and retrieving information in the fields of science and technology. Eventually they attended to a number of social sciences and humanities. Research derived from thesauri was voluminous. Numerous guidelines are designed. They did not discriminate between the "hard" sciences and the social sciences. RT relationships are widely but diversely used in numerous controlled vocabularies. LCSH's aim is to achieve a list almost free of RT and SA references. It thus restricts relationships to BT/NT, USE and UF. This raises the question as to whether all fields of knowledge can "fit" in the Procrustean bed of RT/NT, i.e., genus/species relationships. Standard codes were devised. It was soon realized that BT/NT, well suited to the genus/species couple could not signal a whole-part relationship. In LCSH, BT and NT function as reciprocals, the whole-part relationship is taken into account by ISO. It is amply elaborated upon by authors. The part-whole connexion is sometimes studied apart. The decision to replace cross reference codes was an improvement. Relations can now be distinguished through the distinct needs of numerous fields of knowledge are not attended to. Topic inclusion, and topic-subtopic, could provide the missing link where genus/species or whole/part are inadequate. Distinct codes, BT/NT and whole/part, should be provided. Sorting relationships with mechanical means can only lead to confusion.

Theme

Konzeption und Anwendung des Prinzips Thesaurus

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Abstract

Recognition, by libraries, of the need for improved efficiency and reliability in subject authority control in catalogues led to a study of the feasibility of automatically creating a subject heading validation file by scanning the OLUC. The premises were: that although the file would not be axhaustive, it would contain the majority of frequently used headings; and that the predicted level of accurary in the file would be high. A sample file of Library of Congress assigned subject headings, from the OCLC Subject Headings Corrections database was analyzed. Results showed that: the frequency of use varies inversely with the number of headings at a given rrate of use; a small number of headings with high frequencies of use accounts for the majority of total use, while a large proportion shows very low frequency of use; topical headings account for 2/3 of assigned headings; and error and obsolescence rates are both low and are in inverse relationship to the frequency of heading use. Concludes that an automatically generated subject heading validation file is feasible and could serve various purposes, including: verification of subject heading strings constructed by cataloguers; updating of subject headings in catalogue maintenance; and validation of subject headings during retrospective catalogue conversion

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Abstract

Subject headings do not always adequately express the subject content of books and other library materials. Whether due to cataloguer error or inadequacy in the authority list, this deficiency makes it difficult for users to access information. In an attempt to solve this problem, the study evaluated the adequacy of the LoC Subject Headings assigned to the 23 books of Pierre Bourdieu, whose philosophical ideas were judged likely to form a good test of the ability of the subject headings to reflect the ideas proposed by the author. The study examined the subject headings given to 22 books, and their translations into English, Spanish, Portuguese, and German, comprising 88 records in OCLC as of Dec 91. It was found that most of the books received headings not corresponding to their content, as the headings were assigned from the functionalist paradigm. In general, LCSHs ignore the conceptual categories of other paradigms, do not match the current vocabulary used by social scientists, and are ideologically biased

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Abstract

Authority records were compared for established headings that are identical in LCSH (18th ed.) and Moving Image Materials (MIM). The Use For, Broader Term, Narrower Term, and Related Term references in the LCSH authority file were compared with their counterparts in MIM, to determine the proportion of duplication existing between them. Fewer that 10% of these reference headings are identical. A qualitative comparison was made of the 'semantic spaces' inhibited by identical headings in different contexts: a general purpose subject access list is compared with a medium specific form and genre access list. It was found that, in many cases, headings that are identical as character strings have markedly differnt meanings in different contexts. The conclusion offered is that, both quantitatively and qualitatively, pairs of identical headings differ sufficiently from each other that the creation of authority records for each usage represents no duplication in any meaningful sense. The striking divergence, in many instances, between semantic spaces poses intellectual questions regarding the differences between the meaning of subjects and of forms and genres

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Content

Vorgänger: 'List of Subject Headings for small libraries, compiled from lists used in nine representative small libraries', Ed.: M.E. Sears. - 1st ed. 1923. - 2nd ed. 1926. - 3rd ed. 1933. - 4th ed. 1939, Ed.: I.S. Monro. - 5th ed. 1944: 'Sears List of Subject Headings', Ed. I. S. Monro. - 6th ed. 1950, Ed.: B.M. Frick. - 7th ed. 1954 - 8th ed. 1959. - 'List of Subject Headings'. - 9th. ed. 1965, Ed.: B.M. Westby. - 10th ed. 1972. - 11th ed. 1977. - 12th ed. 1982. - 13th ed. 1986, Ed.: C. Rovira u. C. Reyes. - 14th ed. 1991. Ed. M.T. Mooney. - 15th ed. 1994, Ed.: J. Miller // Rez. 15th ed.: Knowledge organization 22(1995) no.1, S.45-46 (M.P. Satija)

Footnote

Vgl.: Satija, M.P.: The sixteenth edition (1987) of the Sears' List of Subject Headings in: Knowledge organization 25(1998) no.4, S.202-207

Object

Sears List of Subject Headings

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Abstract

The Library of Congress Subject Headings schema (LCSH) is the most commonly used and widely accepted subject vocabulary for general application. It is the de facto universal controlled vocabulary and has been a model for developing subject heading systems by many countries. However, LCSH's complex syntax and rules for constructing headings restrict its application by requiring highly skilled personnel and limit the effectiveness of automated authority control. Recent trends, driven to a large extent by the rapid growth of the Web, are forcing changes in bibliographic control systems to make them easier to use, understand, and apply, and subject headings are no exception. The purpose of adapting the LCSH with a simplified syntax to create FAST (Faceted Application of Subject Terminology) headings is to retain the very rich vocabulary of LCSH while making the schema easier to understand, control, apply, and use. The schema maintains compatibility with LCSH--any valid Library of Congress subject heading can be converted to FAST headings.

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Abstract

This paper describes an ongoing project in which the subject headings contained in twelve controlled vocabularies covering multiple disciplines from the humanities to the sciences and including law and education among others are being collapsed into a single vocabulary and reference structure. The design of the database, algorithms created to programmatically link like-concepts, and daily maintenance are detailed. The problems and pitfalls of dealing with multiple vocabularies are noted, as well as the difficulties in relying purely an computer generated algorithms. The application of this megathesaurus to bibliographic records and methodology of retrieval is explained.

Theme

Konzeption und Anwendung des Prinzips Thesaurus

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Abstract

The MACS (Multilingual access to subjects) project is one of the many projects that are currently exploring solutions to multilingual subject access to online catalogs. Its strategy is to develop a Web based link and search interface through which equivalents between three Subject Heading Languages: SWD/RSWK (Schlagwortnormdatei/Regeln für den Schlagwortkatalog) for German, RAMEAU (Repertoire d'Autorite-Matière Encyclopedique et Alphabetique Unifie) for French and LCSH (Library of Congress Subject Headings) for English can be created and maintained, and by which users can access online databases in the language of their choice. Factors that have lead to this approach will be examined and the MACS linking strategy will be explained. The trend to using mapping or linking strategies between different controlled vocabularies to create multilingual access challenges the traditional view of the multilingual thesaurus.

Theme

Konzeption und Anwendung des Prinzips Thesaurus