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Abstract

Julia Pettee's contribution to classification theory came about as part of her work an subject headings. Pettee (1872-1967) was for many years librarian of the Union Theological Seminary in New York and was best known for the classification system she developed for the seminary and as the author of the book Subiect Headings. She was one of the first to call attention to the fact that there was a classification system in subject headings. It was, as she put it, "completely concealed when scattered through the alphabetical sequence" (p. 98). On the other hand, she recognized that an index entry was a pointing device and existed to show users specific terms. Index terms, unlike subject headings, could be manipulated, inverted, repeated, and stated in as many words as might be desired. The subject heading, she reiterated, had in it "some idea of classification," but was designed to pull together like material and, unlike the index term, would have limited capability for supplying access by way of synonyms, catchwords, or other associative forms. It is interesting that she also thought of the subject heading in context as forming a three-dimensional system. Logically this is the case whenever one attempts to reach beyond the conventional hierarchy as described an a plane surface, and, in fact, thought out as if the classification were an a plane surface. Pettee described this dimension variously as names "reaching up and over the surface ... hands clasp[ing] in the air" from an individual term (pp. 99-100). Or, in other context, as the mapping of "the many third-dimensional criss-crossing relationships of subject headings." (p. 103) Investigations following Pettee's insight have shown the nature and the degree of the classification latent in subject headings and also in the cross-references of all indexing systems using cross-references of the associative type ("see also" or equivalent terminology). More importantly, study of this type of connection has revealed jumps in logic and meaning caused by homographs or homonyms and resulting in false connections in classification. Standardized rules for making thesauri have prevented some of the more glaring non sequiturs, but much more still needs to be done. The whole area of "related terms", for example, needs to be brought under control, especially in terms of classification mapping.

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Abstract

Julia Pettee's contribution to classification theory came about as part of her work an subject headings. Pettee (1872-1967) was for many years librarian of the Union Theological Seminary in New York and was best known for the classification system she developed for the seminary and as the author of the book Subiect Headings. She was one of the first to call attention to the fact that there was a classification system in subject headings. It was, as she put it, "completely concealed when scattered through the alphabetical sequence" (p. 98). On the other hand, she recognized that an index entry was a pointing device and existed to show users specific terms. Index terms, unlike subject headings, could be manipulated, inverted, repeated, and stated in as many words as might be desired. The subject heading, she reiterated, had in it "some idea of classification," but was designed to pull together like material and, unlike the index term, would have limited capability for supplying access by way of synonyms, catchwords, or other associative forms. It is interesting that she also thought of the subject heading in context as forming a three-dimensional system. Logically this is the case whenever one attempts to reach beyond the conventional hierarchy as described an a plane surface, and, in fact, thought out as if the classification were an a plane surface. Pettee described this dimension variously as names "reaching up and over the surface ... hands clasp[ing] in the air" from an individual term (pp. 99-100). Or, in other context, as the mapping of "the many third-dimensional criss-crossing relationships of subject headings." (p. 103) Investigations following Pettee's insight have shown the nature and the degree of the classification latent in subject headings and also in the cross-references of all indexing systems using cross-references of the associative type ("see also" or equivalent terminology). More importantly, study of this type of connection has revealed jumps in logic and meaning caused by homographs or homonyms and resulting in false connections in classification. Standardized rules for making thesauri have prevented some of the more glaring non sequiturs, but much more still needs to be done. The whole area of "related terms", for example, needs to be brought under control, especially in terms of classification mapping.

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Abstract

Julia Pettee's contribution to classification theory came about as part of her work an subject headings. Pettee (1872-1967) was for many years librarian of the Union Theological Seminary in New York and was best known for the classification system she developed for the seminary and as the author of the book Subiect Headings. She was one of the first to call attention to the fact that there was a classification system in subject headings. It was, as she put it, "completely concealed when scattered through the alphabetical sequence" (p. 98). On the other hand, she recognized that an index entry was a pointing device and existed to show users specific terms. Index terms, unlike subject headings, could be manipulated, inverted, repeated, and stated in as many words as might be desired. The subject heading, she reiterated, had in it "some idea of classification," but was designed to pull together like material and, unlike the index term, would have limited capability for supplying access by way of synonyms, catchwords, or other associative forms. It is interesting that she also thought of the subject heading in context as forming a three-dimensional system. Logically this is the case whenever one attempts to reach beyond the conventional hierarchy as described an a plane surface, and, in fact, thought out as if the classification were an a plane surface. Pettee described this dimension variously as names "reaching up and over the surface ... hands clasp[ing] in the air" from an individual term (pp. 99-100). Or, in other context, as the mapping of "the many third-dimensional criss-crossing relationships of subject headings." (p. 103) Investigations following Pettee's insight have shown the nature and the degree of the classification latent in subject headings and also in the cross-references of all indexing systems using cross-references of the associative type ("see also" or equivalent terminology). More importantly, study of this type of connection has revealed jumps in logic and meaning caused by homographs or homonyms and resulting in false connections in classification. Standardized rules for making thesauri have prevented some of the more glaring non sequiturs, but much more still needs to be done. The whole area of "related terms", for example, needs to be brought under control, especially in terms of classification mapping.

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Abstract

Some of the advantages of the classed catalog were then reintroduced into the alphabetical subject catalog through see also references and, to some extent, by the use of inverted headings. Although never officially acknowledged, Cutter's principles provided the philosophical underpinnings for the Library of Congress and the Sears subject headings systems. His principles of common usage, specific entry, uniform heading, and syndetic structure have been reflected in the Library of Congress Subject Headings practice and reiterated by David Judson Haykin (q.v.) in his exposition of the Library of Congress system. Cutter's definition of "specific entry" has been frequently quoted as the basis of the alphabetical subject catalog. Because Cutter's Rules are no longer in print, the following excerpt contains all the rules an subject entry from the fourth edition of Rules for a Dictionary Catalog. These rules, first published over a hundred years ago, do not address all the problems encountered in subject analysis in modern times. Nonetheless, many of his ideas are still valid and manifested in subject cataloging practice in American libraries today. Moreover, as A. C. Foskett comments, "his Rules can still be read with profit (and, more unusual in such works, pleasure) today."

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Footnote

Die in diesem Beitrag entwickelte Unterteilung von Klassifikationssystemen in 'wissenschaftliche', 'philosophisch-enzyklopädische' und 'bibliothekarische' ist später immer wieder aufgegriffen und im Sinne einer Typologie verwendet worden

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Series

Beiträge zum Buch- und Bibliothekswesen; Bd.17

Source

Bestandserschließung und Bibliotheksstruktur. Rolf Kluth zum 10.2.1979. Hrsg. von R. Alsheimer

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Imprint

Berlin : Verl. von Struppe und Winckler

Source

Von Büchern und Bibliotheken. [Festschrift] Ernst Kuhnert. Hrsg.: Gustav Abb

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Abstract

Darstellung der Benutzung von universalen Klassifikationssystemen in den 50 wissenschaftlichen Universalbibliotheken und den 362 Öffentlichen Bibliotheken aufgrund der Ergebnisse zweier Umfragen aus dem Jahr 1977 in tabellarischer Form und Diskussion. Eine Übernahmebereitschaft von Klassifikationssystemen scheint trotz gegenwärtig noch stark unterschiedlicher Praxis vorhanden zu sein. Möglichkeiten und Voraussetzungen für eine Kooperation und zentrale Klassifizierung werden genannt. Des weiteren wird ein Überblick über die Benutzung von Sachkatalogen (Systematischen und Schlagwortkatalogen) in wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken der BRD sowie eine Übersicht über hauptsächlich vorkommende Arten zweigleisiger Sacherschließung in bestimmten Bibliotheken gegeben. Die Voraussetzungen für Angleichungsprozesse unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Funktionsbestimmung und Erschließungstiefe werden diskutiert. Auch wird abschließend auf die Möglichkeiten von Revisions- und Reklassifizierungsverfahren, auch mit Computerhilfe, hingewiesen

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Abstract

Es kommt nicht oft vor, dass ein bibliothekfachliches Thema Gegenstand eines ganzseitigen Artikels im Feuilleton einer der wichtigsten überregionalen Zeitungen in Deutschland wird. Am 31. Juli 2017 war dies der Fall: Die Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung veröffentlichte einen Artikel des Generaldirektors der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, Klaus Ceynowa, in dem dieser sich kritisch mit einem Konzept zur inhaltlichen Erschließung auseinandersetzte, das die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek (DNB) zuvor für die deutschsprachige bibliothekarische Community veröffentlicht hatte. Hatten bereits zuvor die Bemühungen der DNB, Verfahren zur maschinellen Dokumenterschließung zu entwickeln und einzusetzen, zu kontroversen Reaktionen im Bibliothekswesen geführt, so sorgte dieser Artikel noch einmal in besonderer Weise für Aufmerksamkeit und Diskussionen zu einem Thema, das vielen als eher verstaubt und unattraktiv galt: die Inhaltserschließung. Der folgende Beitrag zeichnet einige Grundlinien der Erschließungspolitik der DNB seit 2010 nach und beschreibt, welche Instrumente und Verfahren bei der Inhaltserschließung zum Einsatz kommen, welche konzeptionellen Entscheidungen ihr zugrunde liegen, wie versucht wird, Qualität zu erfassen und welche Entwicklungs- und Handlungsfelder für die Zukunft gesehen werden.

Series

Bibliotheks- und Informationspraxis; 70

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Abstract

Der Artikel beleuchtet den einzigartigen Beitrag von Hanns Wilhelm Eppelsheimer (1890-1972) zur Theorie und Praxis der facettierten klassifikatorischen Sacherschließung. Hauptpunkt seiner Methode ist die klare Trennung zwischen den klassifikatorisch abgebildeten, disziplin-spezifischen Begriffsbeziehungen einerseits und den durch sog. "Schlüssel" abgebildeten, dokument-spezifischen Behandlungsaspekten andererseits.

Source

Bibliothek: Forschung und Praxis. 28(2004) H.2, S.252-262

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Abstract

Suchmaschinen vermitteln uns im globalen Netz Informationen sekundenschnell. Wie wir Informationen suchen, wie wir lesen und das Gelesene verarbeiten, hat sich radikal verändert. Einem ebenso tiefgreifenden Wandel sind die Agenturen und Institutionen unterworfen, die Wissen aufbereiten, es in Bewegung setzen und verkaufen. Die Erfahrung von Veränderung schärft die historische Aufmerksamkeit für alltägliche Praktiken der Wissensproduktion, ihre historischen Kontexte und Transformationen. Helmut Zedelmaier untersucht Wissenspraktiken von Gelehrten zwischen Renaissance und Aufklärung. Welche Techniken und Methoden nutzten sie, um gesuchte Informationen zu finden? Wie haben sie ihr Wissen verwaltet und verarbeitet? Welche Kräfte und Kontexte bewirkten in diesem Zeitraum Veränderungen der Praktiken und Institutionen der Wissensproduktion? Heutige Visionäre digitaler Wissenswelten wollen uns davon überzeugen, dass wir uns in eine Gesellschaft hineinbewegen, in der immer mehr Menschen immer mehr wissen. Löst man sich von der Fixierung auf das bloße Wachstum von Daten und deren digitale Verarbeitungsmöglichkeiten, zeigt sich die beschränkte Erklärungskraft von einfachen Fortschrittsgeschichten. Auch darum geht es dem Autor: um die historische Relativierung der viel beschworenen 'digitalen Revolution', die vieles von ihrem revolutionären Charakter verliert, lässt man sich genauer auf die buchgestützte Welt und ihre Werkstätten ein. Wissen war damals und ist noch heute ein vermitteltes Produkt, das nicht einfach vorliegt, das sich nicht bloß aus Einsichten und Ideen ergibt. Wissen ist immer auch ein Produkt, das historisch wandelbaren Praktiken und Werkzeugen unterliegt, die eher anonym wirksam und deshalb schwer fassbar sind.

BK

02.01 (Geschichte der Wissenschaft und Kultur)

Classification

02.01 (Geschichte der Wissenschaft und Kultur)

Content

Inhalt: Einleitung : das Interesse am Wissen -- Wissen erwerben Lesen als Tätigkeit -- Wissen suchen : der aufschlussreiche Index -- Wissen sammeln : die Geschichte des Exzerpierens -- Wissen verwalten : die Geburt des Zettelkastens -- Wissen kontrollieren : die Reinigung der Bücher -- Wissen repräsentieren : die Bibliothek als Herrschaftsinstrument -- Wissen disziplinieren : der Vielwisser in der Kritik -- Wissen ausgrenzen : Vorsintflutliche Zeiten -- Epilog -- Dank -- Anmerkungen -- Literatur -- Textnachweise -- Abbildungsnachweise -- Personenregister. Vgl.: https://www.mohr.de/buch/werkstaetten-des-wissens-zwischen-renaissance-und-aufklaerung-9783161538070.

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Abstract

Die Entwicklung des Konzepts "Thesaurus" zwischen 1945 und 1979 wird auf der Grundlage der Literatur zur Dokumentation diskutiert. Diesem Konzept wird die Struktur verschiedener technischer Thesauri aus demselben Zeitabschnitt gegenübergestellt

Source

Bibliothek: Forschung und Praxis. 6(1982), S.47-73

Theme

Konzeption und Anwendung des Prinzips Thesaurus

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Series

Zeitschrift für Bibliothekswesen und Bibliographie: Sonderh.26

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Series

Kölner Arbeiten zum Bibliotheks- und Dokumentationswesen; H.22

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Footnote

Bezugnahme auf: Trebst, H.: Der heutige Erkenntnisstand in der Formal- und in der Sachkatalogisierung in ZfB 51(1934) S.435-450

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Source

Fachschrifttum, Bibliothek und Naturwissenschaft im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Hrsg.: C. Meinel

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Abstract

Emanuel Goldberg (1881-1970), Chemiker, Ingenieur und Gründer von Zeis Ikon. Er beeinflusste maßgeblich die Bildtechnologie in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Ist Emanuel Goldberg der Erfinder der ersten Suchmaschine? 1932 bereits entwickelte er ein Gerät, das das Suchen, Auffinden und Anzeigen von beliebig vielen Dokumenten möglich machte. Diese Statistische Maschine, wie er sie nannte, kamen verschiedenste Technologien auf kreative Art und Weise zusammen: Mikrofilm für das Speichern von Dokumenten; Lochkarten für die Spezifikation der Suchanfragen; Elektronik für das Erkennen von Codierungsmustern; Optik; Kinematographie für die beweglichen Teile; und Telefonie für die Dateneingabe. Goldberg leistete Pionierarbeit, denn die Statistische Maschine scheint der erste Bildschirmarbeitsplatz mit elektronischen Komponenten gewesen zu sein und darüber hinaus das erste System zur Auffindung von Dokumenten, das über die Lokalisation von Einträgen mit bereits bekannten Positionsadressen hinausging und sich dem wesentlich anspruchsvolleren Unterfangen widmete, Dokumente hinsichtlich bestimmter Suchkriterien suchen, auswählen und abbilden zu können. Michael Buckland zeichnet hier eine unglaubliche Lebensgeschichte nach, die nicht nur Goldbergs Kreativität und Genialität honoriert, sondern auch ein intellektueller und gesellschaftlicher Spiegel ist - einer historisch wichtigen Zeit für die Geschichte der Informationswissenschaften und Technologie.

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