Search (36 results, page 1 of 2)

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Abstract

The principle of specificity for subject headings provides a clear advantage to many researchers for the precision it brings to subject searching. However, for some researchers very specific subject headings hinder an efficient and comprehensive search. An appropriate broader heading, especially when made narrower in scope by the addition of subheadings, can benefit researchers by providing generic access to their topic. Assigning both specific and generic subject headings to a work would enhance the subject accessibility for the diverse approaches and research needs of different catalog users. However, it can be difficult for catalogers to assign broader terms consistently to different works and without consistency the gathering function of those terms may not be realized.

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Abstract

The number of subject headings for any individual bibliographic record is discussed. Four policy proposals are presented: how many different persons, places, and organisations should be used; how many uses of the same person, place, organisation, or topic should be allowed; an overall policy on secondary headings; how many subjects should be as a general policy.

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Abstract

This guide, for beginning catalogers with humanities or social sciences backgrounds, provides assistance in subject analysis (based on Library of Congress Subject Headings) of theses and dissertations (T/Ds) that are produced by graduate students in university departments in the hard sciences (physical sciences and engineering). It is aimed at those who have had little or no experience in cataloging, especially of this type of material, and for those who desire to supplement local mentoring resources for subject analysis in the hard sciences. Theses and dissertations from these departments present a special challenge because they are the results of current research representing specific new concepts with which the cataloger may not be familiar. In fact, subject headings often have not yet been created for the specific concept(s) being researched. Additionally, T/D authors often use jargon/terminology specific to their department. Catalogers often have many other duties in addition to subject analysis of T/Ds in the hard sciences, yet they desire to provide optimal access through accurate, thorough subject analysis. Tips are provided for determining the content of the T/D, strategic searches on WorldCat for possible subject headings, evaluating the relevancy of these subject headings for final selection, and selecting appropriate subdivisions where needed. Lists of basic reference resources are also provided.

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Abstract

Comprehensiveness and consistency in newspaper indexing depend on the effectiveness of subject analysis of the news items. Discusses indexing skills required in order to identify indexable concepts. Describes practical aspects of conceptual analysis, crystalises criteria and methods for the indexing of news stories, and eludicates reasons form providing multiple subject-entries for certain news items. Suggests rules for news analysis and speedy and accurate allocation of subject headings, and illustrates the technique of dealing with complex and diversified news headings reported at intervals. As the headlines do not always indicate the real subject of a news story, the identification of indexable concepts can become arduous and cumbersome. Discusses the methods, skills and capability needed to tackle such problems

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Abstract

Recent papers have called attention to discrepancies in the assignment of LCSH. While philosophical arguments can be made that subject analysis, if not a logical impossibility, at least is point-of-view dependent, subject headings continue to be assigned and continue to be useful. The hypothesis advanced in the present project is that to a considerable degree there is a clear-cut right and wrong to LCSH subject heading assignment. To test the hypothesis, it was postulated that the assignment of a subject heading is correct if it is supported by textual warrant (at least 20% of the book being cataloged is on the topic) and is constructed in accordance with the LoC Subject Cataloging Manual: Subject Headings. A sample of 100 books on scientific subjects was used to test the hypothesis

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Abstract

This article describes multiple experiments in text mining at Northern Illinois University that were undertaken to improve the efficiency and accuracy of cataloging. It focuses narrowly on subject analysis of dime novels, a format of inexpensive fiction that was popular in the United States between 1860 and 1915. NIU holds more than 55,000 dime novels in its collections, which it is in the process of comprehensively digitizing. Classification, keyword extraction, named-entity recognition, clustering, and topic modeling are discussed as means of assigning subject headings to improve their discoverability by researchers and to increase the productivity of digitization workflows.

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Abstract

In this study descriptions of a novel by 100 users at 2 Swedish public libraries, Malmö and Molndal, Mar-Apr 95, were compared to the index terms used for the novels at these libraries. Describes previous systems for fiction indexing, the 2 libraries, and the users interviewed. Compares the AMP system with their own model. The latter operates with terms under the headings phenomena, frame and author's intention. The similarities between the users' and indexers' descriptions were sufficiently close to make it possible to retrieve fiction in accordance with users' wishes in Molndal, and would have been in Malmö, had more books been indexed with more terms. Sometimes the similarities were close enough for users to retrieve fiction on their own

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Abstract

Purpose - The paper aims to explain the character and causes of obsolescence in assigned subject descriptors. Design/methodology/approach - The paper takes the form of a conceptual analysis with examples and reference to existing literature. Findings - Subject description comes in two forms: assigning the name or code of a subject to a document and assigning a document to a named subject category. Each method associates a document with the name of a subject. This naming activity is the site of tensions between the procedural need of information systems for stable records and the inherent multiplicity and instability of linguistic expressions. As languages change, previously assigned subject descriptions become obsolescent. The issues, tensions, and compromises involved are introduced. Originality/value - Drawing on the work of Robert Fairthorne and others, an explanation of the unavoidable obsolescence of assigned subject headings is presented. The discussion relates to libraries, but the same issues arise in any context in which subject description is expected to remain useful for an extended period of time.

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Abstract

The problem of multiple interpretations of meaning in the indexing process has been mostly avoided by information scientists. Among the few who have addressed this question are Clare Beghtol and Jens Erik Mai. Their findings and findings of other researchers in the area of information science, social psychology, and psycholinguistics indicate that the source of the problem might lie in the background and culture of each indexer or cataloger. Are the catalogers aware of the problem? A general model of the indexing process was developed from observations and interviews of 12 catalogers in three American academic libraries. The model is illustrated with a hypothetical cataloger's process. The study with catalogers revealed that catalogers are aware of the author's, the user's, and their own meaning, but do not try to accommodate them all. On the other hand, they make every effort to build common ground with catalog users by studying documents related to the document being cataloged, and by considering catalog records and subject headings related to the subject identified in the document being cataloged. They try to build common ground with other catalogers by using cataloging tools and by inferring unstated rules of cataloging from examples in the catalogs.

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Abstract

Purpose - An empirical study has shown that the real process of subject cataloging does not correspond entirely to theoretical descriptions in textbooks and international standards. The purpose of this is paper is to address the issue of whether it be possible for catalogers who have not received formal training to perform subject cataloging in a different way to their trained colleagues. Design/methodology/approach - A qualitative study was conducted in 2001 among five Slovenian public library catalogers. The resulting model is compared to previous findings. Findings - First, all catalogers attempted to determine what the book was about. While the American catalogers tried to understand the topic and the author's intent, the Slovenian catalogers appeared to focus on the topic only. Slovenian and American academic library catalogers did not demonstrate any anticipation of possible uses that users might have of the book, while this was important for American public library catalogers. All catalogers used existing records to build new ones and/or to search for subject headings. The verification of subject representation with the indexing language was the last step in the subject cataloging process of American catalogers, often skipped by Slovenian catalogers. Research limitations/implications - The small and convenient sample limits the findings. Practical implications - Comparison of subject cataloging processes of Slovenian and American catalogers, two different groups, is important because they both contribute to OCLC's WorldCat database. If the cataloging community is building a universal catalog and approaches to subject description are different, then the resulting subject representations might also be different. Originality/value - This is one of the very few empirical studies of subject cataloging and indexing.

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Source

Sprache und Datenverarbeitung. 18(1994) H.1, S.3-15

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Abstract

Der Autor bietet eine theoretisch fundierte Anleitung zur praktischen Durchführung von Inhaltsanalysen. diskutiert u.a.: die Themen-Frequenzanalyse, die semantische Struktur- und Inhaltsanalyse und die computergestützte Inhaltsanalyse. Zahlreiche Beispiele erleichtern den Einstieg in diese Methode der empirischen Kommunikationsforschung

BK

70.03 Methoden, Techniken und Organisation der sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschung

Classification

MR 2600 Soziologie / Sozialwissenschaftliche Theorien und Methoden / Methoden der Sozialforschung / Inhaltsanalyse, Aktenanalyse
AP 13550 Allgemeines / Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaften, Kommunikationsdesign / Theorie und Methodik / Grundlagen, Methodik, Theorie
AP 13500 Allgemeines / Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaften, Kommunikationsdesign / Theorie und Methodik / Allgemeines
70.03 Methoden, Techniken und Organisation der sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschung

RVK

MR 2600 Soziologie / Sozialwissenschaftliche Theorien und Methoden / Methoden der Sozialforschung / Inhaltsanalyse, Aktenanalyse
AP 13550 Allgemeines / Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaften, Kommunikationsdesign / Theorie und Methodik / Grundlagen, Methodik, Theorie
AP 13500 Allgemeines / Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaften, Kommunikationsdesign / Theorie und Methodik / Allgemeines

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Abstract

Gegenstand dieser Arbeit sind die Unterschiede im Wissen zwischen Personen. Um eine Bestimmung der bestehenden Unterschiede im alltäglichen Wissen zwischen Personen vornehmen zu können, wird der begriff "Wissen" expliziert, der Beitrag verschiedener Wissensrepräsentationskonzeptionen zur Beschreibung von Wissen und somit von Wissensunterschieden diskutiert und schließlich verschiedene Methoden zur Bestimmung von Wissen und Wissensunterschieden aus dem Verhalten dargstellt und bewertet. Durch den inter- und Intraindividuellen Vergleich von Assoziationen wird das Ausmaß an Unterschieden im Wissen zwischen 2 Personen auf 24-27% geschätzt

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Footnote

Rez. in: Knowledge organization 30(2003) no.2, S.114-115 (M. Hudon); "This most interesting contribution to the literature of subject cataloguing originates in the author's doctoral dissertation, prepared under the direction of jerry Saye at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. In seven highly readable chapters, Alenka Sauperl develops possible answers to her principal research question: How do cataloguers determine or identify the topic of a document and choose appropriate subject representations? Specific questions at the source of this research an a process which has not been a frequent object of study include: Where do cataloguers look for an overall sense of what a document is about? How do they get an overall sense of what a document is about, especially when they are not familiar with the discipline? Do they consider only one or several possible interpretations? How do they translate meanings in appropriate and valid class numbers and subject headings? Using a strictly qualitative methodology, Dr. Sauperl's research is a study of twelve cataloguers in reallife situation. The author insists an the holistic rather than purely theoretical understanding of the process she is targeting. Participants in the study were professional cataloguers, with at least one year experience in their current job at one of three large academic libraries in the Southeastern United States. All three libraries have a large central cataloguing department, and use OCLC sources and the same automated system; the context of cataloguing tasks is thus considered to be reasonably comparable. All participants were volunteers in this study which combined two datagathering techniques: the think-aloud method and time-line interviews. A model of the subject cataloguing process was first developed from observations of a group of six cataloguers who were asked to independently perform original cataloguing an three nonfiction, non-serial items selected from materials regularly assigned to them for processing. The model was then used for follow-up interviews. Each participant in the second group of cataloguers was invited to reflect an his/her work process for a recent challenging document they had catalogued. Results are presented in 12 stories describing as many personal approaches to subject cataloguing. From these stories a summarization is offered and a theoretical model of subject cataloguing is developed which, according to the author, represents a realistic approach to subject cataloguing. Stories alternate comments from the researcher and direct quotations from the observed or interviewed cataloguers. Not surprisingly, the participants' stories reveal similarities in the sequence and accomplishment of several tasks in the process of subject cataloguing. Sauperl's proposed model, described in Chapter 5, includes as main stages: 1) Examination of the book and subject identification; 2) Search for subject headings; 3) Classification. Chapter 6 is a hypothetical Gase study, using the proposed model to describe the various stages of cataloguing a hypothetical resource. ...

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Content

1. Introduction The document at hand is often regarded as the most important entity for analysis in the indexing situation. The indexer's focus is directed to the "entity and its faithful description" (Soergel, 1985, 227) and the indexer is advised to "stick to the text and the author's claims" (Lancaster, 2003, 37). The indexer's aim is to establish the subject matter based an an analysis of the document with the goal of representing the document as truthfully as possible and to ensure the subject representation's validity by remaining neutral and objective. To help indexers with their task they are guided towards particular and important attributes of the document that could help them determine the document's subject matter. The exact attributes the indexer is recommended to examine varies, but typical examples are: the title, the abstract, the table of contents, chapter headings, chapter subheadings, preface, introduction, foreword, the text itself, bibliographical references, index entries, illustrations, diagrams, and tables and their captions. The exact recommendations vary according to the type of document that is being indexed (monographs vs. periodical articles, for instance). It is clear that indexers should provide faithful descriptions, that indexers should represent the author's claims, and that the document's attributes are helpful points of analysis. However, indexers need much more guidance when determining the subject than simply the documents themselves. One approach that could be taken to handle the Situation is a useroriented approach in which it is argued that the indexer should ask, "how should I make this document ... visible to potential users? What terms should I use to convey its knowledge to those interested?" (Albrechtsen, 1993, 222). The basic idea is that indexers need to have the users' information needs and terminology in mind when determining the subject matter of documents as well as when selecting index terms.

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Abstract

Das populäre Medium Comic hat in den vergangenen Jahren zunehmend Interesse als wissenschaftliches Forschungsobjekt und damit auch als bibliothekarisches Sammlungsgut auf sich gezogen. Bibliotheken stehen vor der Aufgabe, die Primärquellen und vor allem die wissenschaftliche Forschungsliteratur zu Comics inhaltlich zu erschließen und nach wie vor auch systematisch zu präsentieren. Bis vor kurzem fand man in der in Deutschland am weitesten verbreiteten Klassifikation, der im Selbstverständnis wissenschaftsnahen Regensburger Verbundklassifikation, nur Einzelstellen in einzelnen Fachsystematiken und einen größeren Bereich in der Japanologie für das Phänomen Manga. Dieser Zustand war nicht ausreichend für eine differenzierte Aufstellung in Bibliotheken mit entsprechenden Beständen und Schwerpunkten. Der hier präsentierte RVK-Baum für Comics und Comicforschung wird diesem Desiderat gerecht und bietet eine Möglichkeit, Comicbestände adäquat klassifikatorisch abzubilden.

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Abstract

Die Erschließung von Bildern ist ein Gebiet, welches aufgrund der speziellen Eigenschaften des Mediums Bild von der Texterschließung zu unterscheiden ist. In Museen, Archiven, Universitäten und anderen Einrichtungen werden Bildsammlungen schon länger erschlossen. Viele Sammlungen bleiben jedoch unangetastet, da es für die Bilderschließung noch immer an passend zugeschnittenen Erschließungsinstrumenten und Erschließungsmethoden mangelt. Es existieren keine allgemeingültigen Standards, auch deshalb, weil die zu verzeichnenden Sammlungen vielen verschiedenen Instituten unterschiedlicher Wissenschaftsfächer angehören und sie dort unterschiedlichen Zwecken dienen. Diese Arbeit beginnt mit einer Einführung zur Kommunikationstheorie, um damit das Bewusstsein über die Komplexität der von Bildern vermittelten, visuellen Informationen zu schärfen. Anschließend werden Bildsammlungen typologisch sortiert, bevor im einzelnen auf die Theorie der Formal- und Inhaltserschließung von Bildern eingegangen wird. Dabei werden verschiedene Erschließungsinstrumente und -methoden, jeweils unter Einbindung von Beispielen, vorgestellt und ihre Anwendbarkeit für die Bilderschließung beurteilt. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit ist an das Projekt "Prometheus - Das verteilte digitale Bildarchiv für Forschung und Lehre" gebunden. Über Prometheus werden heterogen erschlossene, digitalisierte Bildbestände unter einer gemeinsamen Retrievaloberfläche verfügbar gemacht. Nach einer Einführung in das Projekt, die intendierten Ziele und die Vorstel lung der Techniken, welche das Retrieval über autonom erstellte Datenbanken ermöglichen, werden praktizierte Erschließungsmethoden einzelner, an Prometheus beteiligter Institute, beispielhaft dargestellt. Die sich zuvor in den verschiedenen Kapiteln andeutenden oder schon festgestellten Problematiken der Bilderschließung werden zum Schluss noch einmal zusammengefasst und diskutiert, wobei sie verschiedenen Ebenen, weshalb sie auftreten und worauf sie sich auswirken, zugeordnet werden können.

Footnote

Diplomarbeit, Studiengang Bibliothekswesen, Fakultät für Informations- und Kommunikationswissenschaften der Fachhochschule Köln

Imprint

Köln : Fakultät für Informations- und Kommunikationswissenschaften

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Abstract

Die Erschließung von Bildern ist ein Gebiet, welches aufgrund der speziellen Eigenschaften des Mediums Bild von der Texterschließung zu unterscheiden ist. In Museen, Archiven, Universitäten und anderen Einrichtungen werden Bildsammlungen schon länger erschlossen. Viele Sammlungen bleiben jedoch unangetastet, da es für die Bilderschließung noch immer an passend zugeschnittenen Erschließungsinstrumenten und Erschließungsmethoden mangelt. Es existieren keine allgemeingültigen Standards, auch deshalb, weil die zu verzeichnenden Sammlungen vielen verschiedenen Instituten unterschiedlicher Wissenschaftsfächer angehören und sie dort unterschiedlichen Zwecken dienen. Diese Arbeit beginnt mit einer Einführung zur Kommunikationstheorie, um damit das Bewusstsein über die Komplexität der von Bildern vermittelten, visuellen Informationen zu schärfen. Anschließend werden Bildsammlungen typologisch sortiert, bevor im einzelnen auf die Theorie der Formal- und Inhaltserschließung von Bildern eingegangen wird. Dabei werden verschiedene Erschließungsinstrumente und -methoden, jeweils unter Einbindung von Beispielen, vorgestellt und ihre Anwendbarkeit für die Bilderschließung beurteilt. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit ist an das Projekt "Prometheus - Das verteilte digitale Bildarchiv für Forschung und Lehre" gebunden. Über Prometheus werden heterogen erschlossene, digitalisierte Bildbestände unter einer gemeinsamen Retrievaloberfläche verfügbar gemacht. Nach einer Einführung in das Projekt, die intendierten Ziele und die Vorstel lung der Techniken, welche das Retrieval über autonom erstellte Datenbanken ermöglichen, werden praktizierte Erschließungsmethoden einzelner, an Prometheus beteiligter Institute, beispielhaft dargestellt. Die sich zuvor in den verschiedenen Kapiteln andeutenden oder schon festgestellten Problematiken der Bilderschließung werden zum Schluss noch einmal zusammengefasst und diskutiert, wobei sie verschiedenen Ebenen, weshalb sie auftreten und worauf sie sich auswirken, zugeordnet werden können.

Imprint

Köln : Fakultät für Informations- und Kommunikationswissenschaften

Series

Kölner Arbeitspapiere zur Bibliotheks- und Informationswissenschaft; Bd.42

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Abstract

Bilder prägen zunehmend alle öffentlichen und privaten Lebensbereiche. Dieser "Bilderflut" steht eine große praktische und theoretische Inkompetenz gegenüber. Was sind Bilder? Wie stellen Bilder dar? Was heißt es, Bilder zu verstehen? Das Buch verbindet eine Untersuchung dieser Fragen mit einem kritischen Durchgang durch prominente Bildtheorien und arbeitet schrittweise eine Gebrauchstheorie bildhafter Darstellungen aus. In den kritischen Teilen zeigt sich: Ob ein Gegenstand als Bild fungiert, liegt weder allein in seinen inneren Eigenschaften noch in Ähnlichkeitsbeziehungen zu dargestellten Realitäten noch allein in seiner kausalen und intentionalen Entstehungsgeschichte begründet. Positiv ergibt sich: Etwas ist nur dann ein Bild, wenn es als Element eines analogen Zeichensystems im Rahmen besondere sozial geregelter Handlungs- und Interaktionsmuster ("Bildspiele") verwendet und verstanden wird. Das Buch, das sich seit seinem ersten Erscheinen im Jahre 1991 in Forschung und Lehre bew ährt hat, wurde für die Neuauflage vollständig überarbeitet und auf den neuesten Stand gebracht. Es richtet sich an alle, die mit Bildern und dem Verstehen von Bildern zu tun haben.

Classification

CC 6900 Philosophie / Systematische Philosophie / Ästhetik und Kunstphilosophie / Abhandlungen zur Ästhetik und Kunstphilosophie

RVK

CC 6900 Philosophie / Systematische Philosophie / Ästhetik und Kunstphilosophie / Abhandlungen zur Ästhetik und Kunstphilosophie