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  • × theme_ss:"Semantic Web"
  1. Cazan, C.: Medizinische Ontologien : das Ende des MeSH (2006) 0.07 
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    Abstract
    Die Komplexizität medizinischer Fragestellungen und des medizinischen Informationsmanagements war seit den Anfängen der Informatik immer ein besonders wichtiges Thema. Trotz des Scheiterns der Künstlichen Intelligenz in den 80er Jahren des vorigen Jahrhunderts haben deren Kernideen Früchte getragen. Durch kongruente Entwicklung einer Reihe anderer Wissenschaftsdisziplinen und der exponentiellen Entwicklung im Bereich Computerhardware konnten die gestellten, hohen Anforderungen bei der medizinischen Informationssuche doch noch erfüllt werden. Die programmatische Forderung von Tim Berners-Lee betreffend "Semantic Web" im Jahr 2000 hat dem Thema Ontologien für maschinenlesbare Repositorien in Allgemein- und Fachsprache breitere Aufmerksamkeit gewonnen. Da in der Medizin (PubMed) mit dem von NLM schon vor 20 Jahren entwickelten Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) eine funktionierende Ontologie in Form eines semantischen Netzes in Betrieb ist, ist es auch für Medizinbibliothekare und Medizindokumentare hoch an der Zeit, sich damit zu beschäftigen. Ontologien können im Wesen, trotz der informatisch vernebelnden Terminologie, als Werkzeuge der Klassifikation verstanden werden. Hier sind von seiten der Bibliotheks- und Dokumentationswissenschaft wesentliche Beiträge möglich. Der vorliegende Bericht bietet einen Einstieg in das Thema, erklärt wesentliche Elemente des UMLS und schließt mit einer kommentierten Anmerkungs- und Literaturliste für die weitere Beschäftigung mit Ontologien.
    Content
    Dieser Aufsatz ist kein Abgesang auf MeSH (= Medical Subject Headings in Medline/PubMed), wie man/frau vielleicht vermuten könnte. Vielmehr wird - ohne informatiklastiges Fachchinesisch - an Hand des von der National Library of Medicine entwickelten Unified Medical Language System erklärt, worin die Anforderungen an Ontologien bestehen, die im Zusammenhang mit dem Semantic Web allerorten eingefordert und herbeigewünscht werden. Eine Lektüre für Einsteigerinnen, die zum Vertiefen der gewonnenen Begriffssicherheit an Hand der weiterführenden Literaturhinweise anregt. Da das UMLS hier vor allem als Beispiel verwendet wird, werden auch Bibliothekarlnnen, Dokumentarlnnen und Informationsspezialistinnen anderer Fachbereiche den Aufsatz mit Gewinn lesen - und erfahren, dass unser Fachwissen aus der Sacherschließung und der Verwendung und Mitgestaltung von Normdateien und Thesauri bei der Entwicklung von Ontologien gefragt ist! (Eveline Pipp, Universitätsbibliothek Innsbruck). - Die elektronische Version dieses Artikels ist verfügbar unter: http://www.egms.de/en/journals/mbi/2006-6/mbi000049.shtml.
    Theme
    Konzeption und Anwendung des Prinzips Thesaurus
  2. Borst, T.; Fingerle, B.; Neubert, J.; Seiler, A.: Auf dem Weg in das Semantic Web : Anwendungsbeispiele und Lösungsszenarien in Bibliotheken / Eine Veranstaltung von hbz und ZBW (2010) 0.05 
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    Abstract
    Unter dem Motto »Fachtagung für innovative Bibliothekare« hat am 24. und 25. November 2009 in Köln erstmals die Veranstaltung »Semantic Web in Bibliotheken - SWIB09« stattgefunden. Die international besetzte Tagung wurde vom Hochschulbibliothekszentrum des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen (hbz) und der Deutschen Zentralbibliothek für Wirtschaftswissenschaften (ZBW) gemeinsam ausgerichtet, um Bibliotheken das »Semantic Web« näher zu bringen. Die aus Platzgründen auf rund 100 am ersten Tag und 60 am zweiten Tag begrenzten Teilnehmerplätze waren rasch ausgebucht. Während der erste Tag eine Einführung und erste Anwendungsbeispiele bot, die das Potenzial von Semantic Web-Anwendungen zeigten, vermittelte der zweite Tag anhand praxisnaher Beispiele Anforderungen und Lösungsszenarien für Bibliotheken.
    Content
    "In seinem Einführungsvortrag skizzierte Jakob Voß, Software-Entwickler bei der Verbundzentrale (VZG), anhand von herkömmlichen bibliothekarischen Katalogeinträgen den für das Semantic Web typischen Wandel weg von einem Web vernetzter Dokumente hin zu einem Web vernetzter Daten. Die Nutzung vorhandener Standards sollte diesen Wandel begleiten. Einen dieser Standards könnte die »Bibliographic Ontology« (bibo) darstellen, die auf existierenden Ontologien wie Dublin Core basiert und die Voß in einem weiteren Vortrag vorstellte. Dabei warf er die provozierende Frage auf, ob die bibo die Nachfolge bibliografischer Datenformate antreten werde. Lars G. Svensson, IT-Manager an der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek (DNB), stellte hingegen nicht bibo, sondern «Resource Description and Access« (RDA) ins Zentrum der DNB-Planungen. »Fünf gute Gründe«, warum sich kulturelle Einrichtungen mit dem Semantic Web beschäftigen sollten, benannte Professor Stefan Gradmann, Inhaber des Lehrstuhls für Wissensmanagement an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Die Beschäftigung sei unter anderem erforderlich, damit diese Einrichtungen zukünftig überhaupt noch wahrgenommen werden. Andererseits könnten sie durch die Verknüpfung von bibliothekarischen Meta-daten und Kontextdaten (wie Personennormdaten) einen spezifischen Beitrag zum Semantic Web leisten.
    Auch Bernhard Haslhofer, Assistent am Lehrgebiet für Verteilte Multimediasysteme an der Universität Wien, sieht ein großes Potenzial darin, klassische Mechanismen der Informationsorganisation durch Bibliotheken als »Linked Open Data« in das Semantic Web einzubringen. Sie könnten möglicherweise sogar Baustein einer freien und community-getriebenen Alternative zu konzerngetriebenen Anwendungen wie Google Books sein. Voraussetzung sei allerdings, dass Bibliotheken nicht an ihren Datenbeständen in Form geschlossener Datensilos festhalten. Dazu passte das leidenschaftliche Plädoyer für Free Data von Patrick Danowski, Emerging Technologies Librarian am CERN: Die ganze Mächtigkeit seiner Netzwerkeffekte könne Linked Data nur entfalten, wenn die Daten unter einer freien Lizenz veröffentlicht werden, wobei Danowski für eine Bereitstellung als »public domain« plädiert. Mehrere Beiträge zeigten, dass mit Linked Data mittlerweile eine geeignete Technologie vorliegt, um das Semantic Web für Bibliotheken Wirklichkeit werden zu lassen. Ed Summers, Software-Entwickler bei der Library of Congress (LoC) und zuständig für einen der bislang größten Linked Data-Bestände aus Bibliotheken, die LoC Subject Headings, verwies in seinem Vortrag auf die vielfältigen Verknüpfungsmöglichkeiten und Anwendungen von Linked Data. So können Schlagworte aus verschiedenen Vokabularen in Beziehung gesetzt werden und Presseartikel mit »Flickr«Bildern und Geokoordinaten verknüpft werden, die das Ereignis bebildern beziehungsweise räumlich verorten.
    Moderne Web-Anwendungen Wie ein klassischer Bibliothekskatalog in eine moderne Web-Anwendung und in Linked Open Data überführt werden kann, berichtete Anders Söderbäck von der Schwedischen Nationalbibliothek. Unter dem Thema »Linked Applications« entwarf Felix Ostrowski, IT-Entwickler beim hbz, eine tiefe Integration von Ontologien direkt in die verwendete Programmiersprache am Beispiel von Repository Software. Andre Hagenbruch, Mitarbeiter der Universitätsbibliothek Bochum, stellte ein Projekt für ein Linked Data-basiertes Bibliotheksportal vor, das neben bibliografischen Daten auch administrative Informationen wie Personaldaten oder Öffnungszeiten integrieren soll. Interessante Einblicke bot Jürgen Kett von der DNB zur hauseigenen Linked Data-Strategie. Dazu gehört die Veröffentlichung der Personennamendatei (PND) zwecks kostenfreier Weiterverwendung durch andere Bibliotheken. In einem weiteren Vortrag gingen Kett und sein Kollege Svensson auf Details ihres aktuellen Linked Data-Projekts ein, das in einer ersten Stufe URI- und SPARQL-Zugriff auf die SWDund PND-Datensets sowie ihre Verknüpfungen zu internationalen Normdatenbeständen ermöglichen soll. Ein Beta-Dienst soll bis Mitte 2010 online gehen. Timo Borst, Leiter der IT-Entwicklung der ZBW, griff dies auf und demonstrierte die Integration von Thesaurus-und Personennormdaten in den ZBW-Dokumentenserver. Als technischer Zugangspunkt für Linked Data wurde dabei auch ein experimenteller SPARQLEndpoint der DNB genutzt, dessen Abfrage eine automatische Vorschlagsfunktion für PND-Einträge ermöglicht. Praktische Erfahrungen aus den Linked Data-Projekten der ZBW fasste Joachim Neubert, IT-Entwickler bei der ZBW, zusammen, verbunden mit Hinweisen zu Tools, Communities und Best Practice-Beispielen im Web.
    Einen Einblick in Ontologien, die eine wesentliche Säule des Semantic Web bilden, ihren Zusammenhang mit natürlicher Sprache und ihre Nutzungsmöglichkeiten gab Elena Semanova, Forscherin und selbstständige Ontologie-Expertin. Aus dem Museumsbereich stellte Karin Teichmann (Leiterin der Grafischen Sammlung im Deutschen Buch- und Schriftmuseum der DNB) das als ISO-Standard vorliegende »CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model« vor, das unterschiedlich strukturierte Informationen durch ein übergreifendes Meta-Modell zusammenführen kann. Professor Stefan Gradmann und Marlies Olensky, Forscherin an der HU Berlin, präsentierten die semantische Datenschicht der Europeana, die den W3C-Standard SKOS und Linked Data nutzt, um Benutzeranfragen, Browsing und Ergebnispräsentation zu unterstützen. Über die umfassenden Linked Data-Aktivitäten innerhalb der DBPedia, einer Semantic Web-Version der Wikipedia, berichtete Anja Jentzsch, Forscherin an der Freien Universität Berlin. Neben der Infrastruktur für Linked Data veranschaulichte sie die Integration von DBPediaDaten in Browser-, Such- und Portaloberflächen. Eine von Jürgen Kett moderierte Abschlussrunde sammelte Stichpunkte zur Frage »Wie geht es weiter?« Um den Austausch fortzuführen, wurde unter anderem eine Kommunikationsplattform vorgeschlagen, die im Umfeld der Semantic Web-Aktivitäten des W3C angesiedelt ist. Allgemein war der Wunsch nach einer Neuauflage der Tagung in 2010 zu hören."
    Footnote
    Das Programm der Tagung, Abstracts und Vorträge sind online unter www.swib09.de.
  3. Schmitz-Esser, W.; Sigel, A.: Introducing terminology-based ontologies : Papers and Materials presented by the authors at the workshop "Introducing Terminology-based Ontologies" (Poli/Schmitz-Esser/Sigel) at the 9th International Conference of the International Society for Knowledge Organization (ISKO), Vienna, Austria, July 6th, 2006 (2006) 0.05 
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    Abstract
    This work-in-progress communication contains the papers and materials presented by Winfried Schmitz-Esser and Alexander Sigel in the joint workshop (with Roberto Poli) "Introducing Terminology-based Ontologies" at the 9th International Conference of the International Society for Knowledge Organization (ISKO), Vienna, Austria, July 6th, 2006.
  4. Stamou, G.; Chortaras, A.: Ontological query answering over semantic data (2017) 0.04 
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    Source
    Reasoning Web: Semantic Interoperability on the Web, 13th International Summer School 2017, London, UK, July 7-11, 2017, Tutorial Lectures. Eds.: Ianni, G. et al
  5. Siwecka, D.: Knowledge organization systems used in European national libraries towards interoperability of the semantic Web (2018) 0.04 
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    Source
    Challenges and opportunities for knowledge organization in the digital age: proceedings of the Fifteenth International ISKO Conference, 9-11 July 2018, Porto, Portugal / organized by: International Society for Knowledge Organization (ISKO), ISKO Spain and Portugal Chapter, University of Porto - Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Research Centre in Communication, Information and Digital Culture (CIC.digital) - Porto. Eds.: F. Ribeiro u. M.E. Cerveira
  6. Jacobs, I.: From chaos, order: W3C standard helps organize knowledge : SKOS Connects Diverse Knowledge Organization Systems to Linked Data (2009) 0.04 
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    Abstract
    18 August 2009 -- Today W3C announces a new standard that builds a bridge between the world of knowledge organization systems - including thesauri, classifications, subject headings, taxonomies, and folksonomies - and the linked data community, bringing benefits to both. Libraries, museums, newspapers, government portals, enterprises, social networking applications, and other communities that manage large collections of books, historical artifacts, news reports, business glossaries, blog entries, and other items can now use Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) to leverage the power of linked data. As different communities with expertise and established vocabularies use SKOS to integrate them into the Semantic Web, they increase the value of the information for everyone.
    Content
    SKOS Adapts to the Diversity of Knowledge Organization Systems A useful starting point for understanding the role of SKOS is the set of subject headings published by the US Library of Congress (LOC) for categorizing books, videos, and other library resources. These headings can be used to broaden or narrow queries for discovering resources. For instance, one can narrow a query about books on "Chinese literature" to "Chinese drama," or further still to "Chinese children's plays." Library of Congress subject headings have evolved within a community of practice over a period of decades. By now publishing these subject headings in SKOS, the Library of Congress has made them available to the linked data community, which benefits from a time-tested set of concepts to re-use in their own data. This re-use adds value ("the network effect") to the collection. When people all over the Web re-use the same LOC concept for "Chinese drama," or a concept from some other vocabulary linked to it, this creates many new routes to the discovery of information, and increases the chances that relevant items will be found. As an example of mapping one vocabulary to another, a combined effort from the STITCH, TELplus and MACS Projects provides links between LOC concepts and RAMEAU, a collection of French subject headings used by the Bibliothèque Nationale de France and other institutions. SKOS can be used for subject headings but also many other approaches to organizing knowledge. Because different communities are comfortable with different organization schemes, SKOS is designed to port diverse knowledge organization systems to the Web. "Active participation from the library and information science community in the development of SKOS over the past seven years has been key to ensuring that SKOS meets a variety of needs," said Thomas Baker, co-chair of the Semantic Web Deployment Working Group, which published SKOS. "One goal in creating SKOS was to provide new uses for well-established knowledge organization systems by providing a bridge to the linked data cloud." SKOS is part of the Semantic Web technology stack. Like the Web Ontology Language (OWL), SKOS can be used to define vocabularies. But the two technologies were designed to meet different needs. SKOS is a simple language with just a few features, tuned for sharing and linking knowledge organization systems such as thesauri and classification schemes. OWL offers a general and powerful framework for knowledge representation, where additional "rigor" can afford additional benefits (for instance, business rule processing). To get started with SKOS, see the SKOS Primer.
  7. Reasoning Web : Semantic Interoperability on the Web, 13th International Summer School 2017, London, UK, July 7-11, 2017, Tutorial Lectures (2017) 0.04 
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    Abstract
    This volume contains the lecture notes of the 13th Reasoning Web Summer School, RW 2017, held in London, UK, in July 2017. In 2017, the theme of the school was "Semantic Interoperability on the Web", which encompasses subjects such as data integration, open data management, reasoning over linked data, database to ontology mapping, query answering over ontologies, hybrid reasoning with rules and ontologies, and ontology-based dynamic systems. The papers of this volume focus on these topics and also address foundational reasoning techniques used in answer set programming and ontologies.
  8. Lukasiewicz, T.: Uncertainty reasoning for the Semantic Web (2017) 0.04 
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    Source
    Reasoning Web: Semantic Interoperability on the Web, 13th International Summer School 2017, London, UK, July 7-11, 2017, Tutorial Lectures. Eds.: Ianni, G. et al
  9. Cali, A.: Ontology querying : datalog strikes back (2017) 0.03 
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    Reasoning Web: Semantic Interoperability on the Web, 13th International Summer School 2017, London, UK, July 7-11, 2017, Tutorial Lectures. Eds.: Ianni, G. et al
  10. Sequeda, J.F.: Integrating relational databases with the Semantic Web : a reflection (2017) 0.03 
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    Reasoning Web: Semantic Interoperability on the Web, 13th International Summer School 2017, London, UK, July 7-11, 2017, Tutorial Lectures. Eds.: Ianni, G. et al
  11. Ilik, V.: Distributed person data : using Semantic Web compliant data in subject name headings (2015) 0.03 
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    Abstract
    Providing efficient access to information is a crucial library mission. Subject classification is one of the major pillars that guarantees the accessibility of records in libraries. In this paper we discuss the need to associate person IDs and URIs with subjects when a named person happens to be the subject of the document. This is often the case with biographies, schools of thought in philosophy, politics, art, and literary criticism. Using Semantic Web compliant data in subject name headings enhances the ability to collocate topics about a person. Also, in retrieval, books about a person would be easily linked to works by that same person. In the context of the Semantic Web, it is expected that, as the available information grows, one would be more effective in the task of information retrieval. Information about a person or, as in the case of this paper, about a researcher exist in various databases, which can be discipline specific or publishers' databases, and in such cases they have an assigned identifier. They also exist in institutional directory databases. We argue that these various databases can be leveraged to support improved discoverability and retrieval of research output for individual authors and institutions, as well as works about those authors.
  12. Franklin, R.A.: Re-inventing subject access for the semantic web (2003) 0.03 
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    Abstract
    First generation scholarly research on the Web lacked a firm system of authority control. Second generation Web research is beginning to model subject access with library science principles of bibliographic control and cataloguing. Harnessing the Web and organising the intellectual content with standards and controlled vocabulary provides precise search and retrieval capability, increasing relevance and efficient use of technology. Dublin Core metadata standards permit a full evaluation and cataloguing of Web resources appropriate to highly specific research needs and discovery. Current research points to a type of structure based on a system of faceted classification. This system allows the semantic and syntactic relationships to be defined. Controlled vocabulary, such as the Library of Congress Subject Headings, can be assigned, not in a hierarchical structure, but rather as descriptive facets of relating concepts. Web design features such as this are adding value to discovery and filtering out data that lack authority. The system design allows for scalability and extensibility, two technical features that are integral to future development of the digital library and resource discovery.
  13. Hooland, S. van; Verborgh, R.; Wilde, M. De; Hercher, J.; Mannens, E.; Wa, R.Van de: Evaluating the success of vocabulary reconciliation for cultural heritage collections (2013) 0.03 
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    Abstract
    The concept of Linked Data has made its entrance in the cultural heritage sector due to its potential use for the integration of heterogeneous collections and deriving additional value out of existing metadata. However, practitioners and researchers alike need a better understanding of what outcome they can reasonably expect of the reconciliation process between their local metadata and established controlled vocabularies which are already a part of the Linked Data cloud. This paper offers an in-depth analysis of how a locally developed vocabulary can be successfully reconciled with the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) and the Arts and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) through the help of a general-purpose tool for interactive data transformation (OpenRefine). Issues negatively affecting the reconciliation process are identified and solutions are proposed in order to derive maximum value from existing metadata and controlled vocabularies in an automated manner.
  14. Soergel, D.: SemWeb: proposal for an open, multifunctional, multilingual system for integrated access to knowledge about concepts and terminology (1996) 0.03 
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    Source
    Knowledge organization and change: Proceedings of the Fourth International ISKO Conference, 15-18 July 1996, Library of Congress, Washington, DC. Ed.: R. Green
  15. Soergel, D.: SemWeb: Proposal for an Open, multifunctional, multilingual system for integrated access to knowledge about concepts and terminology : exploration and development of the concept (1996) 0.03 
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    Content
    Expanded version of a paper published in Advances in Knowledge Organization v.5 (1996): 165-173 (4th Annual ISKO Conference, Washington, D.C., 1996 July 15-18): SemWeb: proposal for an open, multifunctional, multilingual system for integrated access to knowledge about concepts and terminology.
  16. Neumaier, S.: Data integration for open data on the Web (2017) 0.03 
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    Source
    Reasoning Web: Semantic Interoperability on the Web, 13th International Summer School 2017, London, UK, July 7-11, 2017, Tutorial Lectures. Eds.: Ianni, G. et al
  17. Rousset, M.-C.; Atencia, M.; David, J.; Jouanot, F.; Ulliana, F.; Palombi, O.: Datalog revisited for reasoning in linked data (2017) 0.03 
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    Reasoning Web: Semantic Interoperability on the Web, 13th International Summer School 2017, London, UK, July 7-11, 2017, Tutorial Lectures. Eds.: Ianni, G. et al
  18. Kaminski, R.; Schaub, T.; Wanko, P.: ¬A tutorial on hybrid answer set solving with clingo (2017) 0.03 
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    Reasoning Web: Semantic Interoperability on the Web, 13th International Summer School 2017, London, UK, July 7-11, 2017, Tutorial Lectures. Eds.: Ianni, G. et al
  19. Eiter, T.; Kaminski, T.; Redl, C.; Schüller, P.; Weinzierl, A.: Answer set programming with external source access (2017) 0.03 
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    Reasoning Web: Semantic Interoperability on the Web, 13th International Summer School 2017, London, UK, July 7-11, 2017, Tutorial Lectures. Eds.: Ianni, G. et al
  20. Zeng, M.L.; Fan, W.; Lin, X.: SKOS for an integrated vocabulary structure (2008) 0.03 
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    Abstract
    In order to transfer the Chinese Classified Thesaurus (CCT) into a machine-processable format and provide CCT-based Web services, a pilot study has been conducted in which a variety of selected CCT classes and mapped thesaurus entries are encoded with SKOS. OWL and RDFS are also used to encode the same contents for the purposes of feasibility and cost-benefit comparison. CCT is a collected effort led by the National Library of China. It is an integration of the national standards Chinese Library Classification (CLC) 4th edition and Chinese Thesaurus (CT). As a manually created mapping product, CCT provides for each of the classes the corresponding thesaurus terms, and vice versa. The coverage of CCT includes four major clusters: philosophy, social sciences and humanities, natural sciences and technologies, and general works. There are 22 main-classes, 52,992 sub-classes and divisions, 110,837 preferred thesaurus terms, 35,690 entry terms (non-preferred terms), and 59,738 pre-coordinated headings (Chinese Classified Thesaurus, 2005) Major challenges of encoding this large vocabulary comes from its integrated structure. CCT is a result of the combination of two structures (illustrated in Figure 1): a thesaurus that uses ISO-2788 standardized structure and a classification scheme that is basically enumerative, but provides some flexibility for several kinds of synthetic mechanisms Other challenges include the complex relationships caused by differences of granularities of two original schemes and their presentation with various levels of SKOS elements; as well as the diverse coordination of entries due to the use of auxiliary tables and pre-coordinated headings derived from combining classes, subdivisions, and thesaurus terms, which do not correspond to existing unique identifiers. The poster reports the progress, shares the sample SKOS entries, and summarizes problems identified during the SKOS encoding process. Although OWL Lite and OWL Full provide richer expressiveness, the cost-benefit issues and the final purposes of encoding CCT raise questions of using such approaches.

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