Search (1088 results, page 5 of 55)

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Abstract

This communication examines some of the most frequently cited critisms of keyword indexing. These critisms include (1) absence of general subject headings, (2) limited entry points, and (3) irrelevant indexing. Some solutions are suggested to meet these critisms.

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Abstract

Additional period subdivisions are proposed, with justifications, for the Library of Congress's subject headings for the Soviet Union. The areas covered are: Soviet Union, Baltic States, Siberia, Soviet Central Asia, Soviet Far East, Ural Mountains Region, and fifteen individual republics.

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Abstract

This article describes the implementation of authority control on the Geac Bibliographic Processing System. An appendix includes screen displays and search results for headings under authority control in an online public access catalog.

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Abstract

In May 80 the joint working parties on the Dutch National Bibliography and the Dutch National Bibliographical Centre published their final report containing proposals for a national bibliography in the Netherlands based on Brinkmann's catalogue of books. In view of the limited number of terms used in the subject index of Brinkmann's catalogue it was proposed to adopt the thesaurus of headings developed by the Netherlands Bibliotheek en Lektuur Centrum with the addition of UDC and SISO classification numbers to each entry. A test-run has identified a core of some 3.500 headings which will be input into the database to provide a subject index to the bibliography. The system will become operational on 1 Jan 81

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Abstract

Defines the subject scope of ASSIA and the key areas covered and describes the principles for material selection, the service structure, indexing techniques, and future development. ASSIA differs structurally from the majority of other abstracting services in that the various entries are not numbered, and hence a single alphabetical sequence is possible combining bibliographical citations under the main subject headings, cross references, and related headings. This facilitates the publication of a 1-sequence annual volume, enabling the user to locate all the material under a given subject heading, which appeared in the 6 bimonthly issues.

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LCSH

Subject headings, Library of Congress / Problems, exercises, etc

Subject

Subject headings, Library of Congress / Problems, exercises, etc

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Abstract

Although the rules for descriptive cataloging have been recodified twice in the past twenty years, there never has been any kind of comprehensive theoretical code for subject headings, despite some suggestions for a code over the years. This essay explains the need for a code, provides historical background, and presents some broad proposals as to the philosophy, structure, and form of the code and what the code should cover. Included is the relation between the proposed code and the Library of Congress' 1984 Subject Cataloging Manual.

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Abstract

The Library of Congress Subject Headings system, originally developed for the Library's own collection in the late nineteenth century, has been widely adopted and has been the de facto standard for subject cataloging in American libraries for nearly a century. Ironically, there has never been a written code to guide its initial formation or to direct its continuing development. Rules for descriptive cataloging have evolved through continuing efforts in revision. There are no comparable rules for subject cataloging. The concise book entitled Subject Headings: A Practical Guide (1951) by David Judson Haykin (1896-1958), Chief of the Subject Cataloging Division of the Library of Congress from 1941 to 1952, has come the closest to being an official pronouncement of the principles and practice of the Library of Congress Subject Headings system. The book offered a rationalization and an explanation of the Library of Congress practice as it was at the time. Many of the policies described in the book have since been changed, but the basic guidelines and principles set forth by Haykin are still valid today. The following excerpt is taken from the chapter entitled "Fundamental Concepts." Here, the influence of Charles A. Cutter's principles (q.v.) an the Library of Congress system is clearly discernible, although not officially acknowledged. The principles outlined by Haykin-focus an the user, the principle of uniform headings, the reliance an common usage, and the principle of specific and direct entry-echo those expounded by Cutter many years earlier. In his discussion of "the reader as the focus," Haykin reiterated Cutter's emphasis an the "convenience of the public" at the sacrifice of logic.

Footnote

Original in: Haykin, D.J.: Subject headings: a practical guide. Washington, DC U.S. Government Printing Office 1951. S.7-11.

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Abstract

Julia Pettee's contribution to classification theory came about as part of her work an subject headings. Pettee (1872-1967) was for many years librarian of the Union Theological Seminary in New York and was best known for the classification system she developed for the seminary and as the author of the book Subiect Headings. She was one of the first to call attention to the fact that there was a classification system in subject headings. It was, as she put it, "completely concealed when scattered through the alphabetical sequence" (p. 98). On the other hand, she recognized that an index entry was a pointing device and existed to show users specific terms. Index terms, unlike subject headings, could be manipulated, inverted, repeated, and stated in as many words as might be desired. The subject heading, she reiterated, had in it "some idea of classification," but was designed to pull together like material and, unlike the index term, would have limited capability for supplying access by way of synonyms, catchwords, or other associative forms. It is interesting that she also thought of the subject heading in context as forming a three-dimensional system. Logically this is the case whenever one attempts to reach beyond the conventional hierarchy as described an a plane surface, and, in fact, thought out as if the classification were an a plane surface. Pettee described this dimension variously as names "reaching up and over the surface ... hands clasp[ing] in the air" from an individual term (pp. 99-100). Or, in other context, as the mapping of "the many third-dimensional criss-crossing relationships of subject headings." (p. 103) Investigations following Pettee's insight have shown the nature and the degree of the classification latent in subject headings and also in the cross-references of all indexing systems using cross-references of the associative type ("see also" or equivalent terminology). More importantly, study of this type of connection has revealed jumps in logic and meaning caused by homographs or homonyms and resulting in false connections in classification. Standardized rules for making thesauri have prevented some of the more glaring non sequiturs, but much more still needs to be done. The whole area of "related terms", for example, needs to be brought under control, especially in terms of classification mapping.

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Abstract

Julia Pettee's contribution to classification theory came about as part of her work an subject headings. Pettee (1872-1967) was for many years librarian of the Union Theological Seminary in New York and was best known for the classification system she developed for the seminary and as the author of the book Subiect Headings. She was one of the first to call attention to the fact that there was a classification system in subject headings. It was, as she put it, "completely concealed when scattered through the alphabetical sequence" (p. 98). On the other hand, she recognized that an index entry was a pointing device and existed to show users specific terms. Index terms, unlike subject headings, could be manipulated, inverted, repeated, and stated in as many words as might be desired. The subject heading, she reiterated, had in it "some idea of classification," but was designed to pull together like material and, unlike the index term, would have limited capability for supplying access by way of synonyms, catchwords, or other associative forms. It is interesting that she also thought of the subject heading in context as forming a three-dimensional system. Logically this is the case whenever one attempts to reach beyond the conventional hierarchy as described an a plane surface, and, in fact, thought out as if the classification were an a plane surface. Pettee described this dimension variously as names "reaching up and over the surface ... hands clasp[ing] in the air" from an individual term (pp. 99-100). Or, in other context, as the mapping of "the many third-dimensional criss-crossing relationships of subject headings." (p. 103) Investigations following Pettee's insight have shown the nature and the degree of the classification latent in subject headings and also in the cross-references of all indexing systems using cross-references of the associative type ("see also" or equivalent terminology). More importantly, study of this type of connection has revealed jumps in logic and meaning caused by homographs or homonyms and resulting in false connections in classification. Standardized rules for making thesauri have prevented some of the more glaring non sequiturs, but much more still needs to be done. The whole area of "related terms", for example, needs to be brought under control, especially in terms of classification mapping.

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Abstract

Julia Pettee's contribution to classification theory came about as part of her work an subject headings. Pettee (1872-1967) was for many years librarian of the Union Theological Seminary in New York and was best known for the classification system she developed for the seminary and as the author of the book Subiect Headings. She was one of the first to call attention to the fact that there was a classification system in subject headings. It was, as she put it, "completely concealed when scattered through the alphabetical sequence" (p. 98). On the other hand, she recognized that an index entry was a pointing device and existed to show users specific terms. Index terms, unlike subject headings, could be manipulated, inverted, repeated, and stated in as many words as might be desired. The subject heading, she reiterated, had in it "some idea of classification," but was designed to pull together like material and, unlike the index term, would have limited capability for supplying access by way of synonyms, catchwords, or other associative forms. It is interesting that she also thought of the subject heading in context as forming a three-dimensional system. Logically this is the case whenever one attempts to reach beyond the conventional hierarchy as described an a plane surface, and, in fact, thought out as if the classification were an a plane surface. Pettee described this dimension variously as names "reaching up and over the surface ... hands clasp[ing] in the air" from an individual term (pp. 99-100). Or, in other context, as the mapping of "the many third-dimensional criss-crossing relationships of subject headings." (p. 103) Investigations following Pettee's insight have shown the nature and the degree of the classification latent in subject headings and also in the cross-references of all indexing systems using cross-references of the associative type ("see also" or equivalent terminology). More importantly, study of this type of connection has revealed jumps in logic and meaning caused by homographs or homonyms and resulting in false connections in classification. Standardized rules for making thesauri have prevented some of the more glaring non sequiturs, but much more still needs to be done. The whole area of "related terms", for example, needs to be brought under control, especially in terms of classification mapping.

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Abstract

In the continuing search for criteria for determining the form of compound headings (i.e., headings containing more than one word), many authors have attempted to deal with the problem of entry element and citation order. Among the proposed criteria are Cutter's concept of "significance," Kaiser's formula of "concrete/process," Prevost's "noun rule," and Farradane's categories of relationships*' (q.v.). One of the problems in applying the criteria has been the difficulty in determining what is "significant," particularly when two or more words in the heading all refer to concrete objects. In the following excerpt from Subject Catalogues: Headings and Structure, a widely cited book an the alphabetical subject catalog, E. J. Coates proposes the concept of "term significance," that is, "the word which evokes the clearest mental image," as the criterion for determining the entry element in a compound heading. Since a concrete object generally evokes a clearer mental image than an action or process, Coates' theory is in line with Kaiser's theory of "concrete/process" (q.v.) which Coates renamed "thing/action." For determining the citation order of component elements in a compound heading where the elements are equally "significant" (i.e., both or all evoking clear mental images), Coates proposes the use of "term relationship" as the determining factor. He has identified twenty different kinds of relationships among terms and set down the citation order for each. Another frequently encountered problem related to citation order is the determination of the entry element for a compound heading which contains a topic and a locality. Entering such headings uniformly under either the topic or the locality has proven to be infeasible in practice. Many headings of this type have the topic as the main heading, subdivided by the locality; others are entered under the locality as the main heading with the topic as the subdivision. No criteria or rules have been proposed that ensure consistency or predictability. In the following selection, Coates attempts to deal with this problem by ranking the "main areas of knowledge according to the extent to which they appear to be significantly conditioned by locality." The theory Coates expounded in his book was put into practice in compiling the British Technology Index for which Coates served as the editor from 1961 to 1977.

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Content

Inhalt: OVERVIEW: Automatic analysis (M.E. STEVENS); Analysis of Information (B.C. VICKERY) / DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGING: Descriptive cataloging (J.E. DAILY) / NATURAL LANGUAGE TEXT PROCESSING: Content analysis (C.E. HICKS, J.E. RUSH, S.M. STRONG); Machine translation (W. LEHMANN); Machine translation (W.N. LOCKE); Natural language analysis and processing (N. SAGER); Automatic analysis (M.E. STEVENS) / INDEXING: Coordinate indexing (A. ARTANDI); Subject indexes (C.L. BERNIER); Automatic indexing: progress and prospects (B.C. LANDRY, J.E. RUSH); Automatic analysis (M.E. STEVENS) / TERMINOLOGY CONTROL: Authority files (J.E. DAILY); Subject headings (J.E. Daily); Thesaurus (D.J. FOSKETT); Subject headings (M.L. MANNHEIMER) / CLASSIFYING: Abstract classification (J.E. Daily); Classification and categorization (J.E. DAILY); Clumps, theory of (K. SPARCK JONES); Dewey Decimal Classification (M.L. MANNHEIMER); Techniques used in Library of Congress Classification (M.L. MANNHEIMER); Classification, theory of (A. NEELAMEGHAN); Automatic analysis (M.E. STEVENS) / ABSTRACTING: Abstracts and abstracting (C.L. BERNIER); Abstracting (B.A. MATHIS, J.E. RUSH) / EXTRACTING: Relevance predictability in information retrieval systems (A. KENT, J. BELZER, M. KURFEERST, E.D. DYM, D.L. SHIREY, A. BOSE)

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Abstract

The development of the general theory of subject indexing language and of POPSI for organisation, storage and retrieval of subjects embodies in documents has a striking parallel in the search for and development of 'universal forms' and 'deep structure' in language and linguistic studies. This paper briefly traces the development of POPSI language as a metalanguage for information organisation and for generating information retrieval thesaurus. Also a computer-based system for generating an information retrieval thesaurus from modulated subject headings formulated according to POPSI which are enriched with certain codes for relating the terms in the subject headings is described. It is also mentioned that, if it is possible to form a table of equivalent terms in another language for the terms already used to generate the thesaurus, then it is possible to translate the thesaurus automatically into the other language

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Abstract

Since many nations rely upon subject headings and classification numbers from cataloguing agencies in developed countries, changes requiring computers would hinder subject access in Thrid World areas which lack high technology. New computer-supported systems such as PRECIS will probably take hold only in languages and countries where a subject analysis system does not already exist. For the traditional card catalogue-based subject access system, computer support may lead to more frequent changes in headings, less pre-coordinated structure, and the assignement of more terms per document. Third world countires may have difficulty in adapting to the developments. Classification, especially since it more easily crosses linguistc boundaries, may become to a greater degree the preferred means of subject access in Third World nations. During the transition, IFLA can serve as a forum for developing nations to make their needs known to the providers of bibliographic data

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Abstract

Library of Congress subject heading policy has been frequently criticized for using obsolete and biased terminology, for not providing subject analysis in depth, and for being overly research library oriented. While both PRECIS and the Subject Analysis Project offer possible solutions, fiscal considerations make their adoptions unlikely. By using existing computer technology, individual libraries could improve subject access by improved subject searching capabilities and by implementations of subject authority files which could tailor LC subject headings to the individual libraries' needs and provide an individualized cross-reference structure. For its part, the Library of Congress should provide an uptatable machine readable file of its complete cross-reference structure. This file should contain all references used in the Library of Congress Public Catalog since much of LC's subject heading practice is based upon its cross-reference structure. With such improvements, LC subject headings could provide much better subject access at an acceptable cost

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Abstract

The Lynn-Peterson Alternative Classification for Catholic Books and Kapsner's Catholic Subject Headings were devised in 1937 and 1942 respectively to meet a perceived need for cataloging and classifying Catholic theological materials. While not universally adopted by Catholic libraries, both schemas enjoyed considerable use until their decline beginning in the 1960s. Although the latest editions of both works are obsolete, 1954 and 1963 respectively, by choice or necessity a small number of libraries still employ either or both systems. This study questions the practical and economic feasibility of the continued use of either system in light of the movement toward universal bibliographic control as presented by OCLC et al. and the ongoing climate of ecumenism. Moreover, while the test data directly addresses two schemas, it indirectly brings into question the validity of any specialized or locally developed system.

Object

Catholic Subject Headings

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Abstract

The main purpose of the study was to determine if the online catalog can function both as a dictionary and classified catalog without requiring additional time or intellectual effort on the part of the cataloger. A total of 1842 MARC bibliographic records listed in the 370-379 classified section of American Book Publishing Record were studied. These records displayed 2735 subject headings. Of these, 1491 (55%) had a Library of Congress classification number linked to them. An alphabetical and classified index was created using primary subjects and their related classification numbers. While such an index could be a useful browsing device if integrated into an online catalog, creating a bona fide classified catalog would require assigning classification numbers to the secondary subject headings.

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Abstract

An indexing language is made more accessible to searchers and indexers by the presence of entry terms or near-synonyms. This paper first presents an evaluation of existing entry terms and then presents and tests a strategy for creating entry terms. The key tools in the evaluation of the entry terms are documents already indexed into the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and an automatic indexer ...

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Abstract

A browsable display under a specific search term can often frustrate users if the display is carried over several screens. This article investigates methods of compressing headings identified by MARC subfield codes to reduce the size of browsable displays. Arguments are presented that a more efficient system design can be achieved by machine sorting of subdivisions via a conceptual, rather than alphabetical, approach. The author concludes that system architecture for browsable subject index displays must be redesigned to relieve the user of the burden of data organization