Search (4851 results, page 2 of 243)

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Abstract

This study revisits managers who were first interviewed more than 10 years ago to identify their personal information management (PIM) behaviors. The purpose of this study was to see how advances in technology and access to the Web may have affected their PIM behaviors. PIM behaviors seem to have changed little over time, suggesting that technological advances are less important in determining how individuals organize and use information than are the tasks that they perform. Managers identified increased volume of e-mail and the frustration with having to access multiple systems with different, unsynchronized passwords as their greatest PIM challenges. Organizational implications are discussed.

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Abstract

Wikipedia (the free online encyclopedia that anyone can edit) is having a huge impact on how a great many people gather information about the world. So, it is important for epistemologists and information scientists to ask whether people are likely to acquire knowledge as a result of having access to this information source. In other words, is Wikipedia having good epistemic consequences? After surveying the various concerns that have been raised about the reliability of Wikipedia, this article argues that the epistemic consequences of people using Wikipedia as a source of information are likely to be quite good. According to several empirical studies, the reliability of Wikipedia compares favorably to the reliability of traditional encyclopedias. Furthermore, the reliability of Wikipedia compares even more favorably to the reliability of those information sources that people would be likely to use if Wikipedia did not exist (viz., Web sites that are as freely and easily accessible as Wikipedia). In addition, Wikipedia has a number of other epistemic virtues (e.g., power, speed, and fecundity) that arguably outweigh any deficiency in terms of reliability. Even so, epistemologists and information scientists should certainly be trying to identify changes (or alternatives) to Wikipedia that will bring about even better epistemic consequences. This article suggests that to improve Wikipedia, we need to clarify what our epistemic values are and to better understand why Wikipedia works as well as it does. Somebody who reads Wikipedia is rather in the position of a visitor to a public restroom, says Mr. McHenry, Britannica's former editor. It may be obviously dirty, so that he knows to exercise great care, or it may seem fairly clean, so that he may be lulled into a false sense of security. What he certainly does not know is who has used the facilities before him. One wonders whether people like Mr. McHenry would prefer there to be no public lavatories at all. The Economist (Vol. 379, April 22, 2006, pp. 14-15)

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Abstract

T.1: Today's thesauri are mostly electronic tools, having moved on from the paper-based era when thesaurus standards were first developed. They are built and maintained with the support of software and need to integrate with other software, such as search engines and content management systems. Whereas in the past thesauri were designed for information professionals trained in indexing and searching, today there is a demand for vocabularies that untrained users will find to be intuitive. ISO 25964 makes the transition needed for the world of electronic information management. However, part 1 retains the assumption that human intellect is usually involved in the selection of indexing terms and in the selection of search terms. If both the indexer and the searcher are guided to choose the same term for the same concept, then relevant documents will be retrieved. This is the main principle underlying thesaurus design, even though a thesaurus built for human users may also be applied in situations where computers make the choices. Efficient exchange of data is a vital component of thesaurus management and exploitation. Hence the inclusion in this standard of recommendations for exchange formats and protocols. Adoption of these will facilitate interoperability between thesaurus management systems and the other computer applications, such as indexing and retrieval systems, that will utilize the data. Thesauri are typically used in post-coordinate retrieval systems, but may also be applied to hierarchical directories, pre-coordinate indexes and classification systems. Increasingly, thesaurus applications need to mesh with others, such as automatic categorization schemes, free-text search systems, etc. Part 2 of ISO 25964 describes additional types of structured vocabulary and gives recommendations to enable interoperation of the vocabularies at all stages of the information storage and retrieval process.

Theme

Konzeption und Anwendung des Prinzips Thesaurus

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Abstract

There are similarities between information management (IM) and knowledge management (KM), but the latter is wider in scope and includes (especially) aspects of process and learning which are not major concerns of information management as generally understood. This article presents theoretical considerations on both similarities and differences between IM and KM, and summarises the points made into a conceptual model of basic KM processes. It is emphasised that KM operates in a quite different way from IM and that management must see 'knowledge' in a much wider sense than that of document storage and retrieval per se. The point is made that a knowledge management perspective on business processes, training and achievement of business objectives is relevant in a different way from IM which has up till now been used in an information service way to refer to repository-based systems. This point is illustrated by using TQM as an example. The examination of TQM-based management tools reveals that the application of these tools is interesting from a KM point of view, having significant consequences especially in terms of knowledge creation, accumulation and sharing

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Abstract

Interdisciplinary research has been identified as a critical means of addressing some of our planet's most urgent environmental problems. Yet relatively little is known about the processes and impact of interdisciplinary approaches to environmental sciences. This study used citation analysis and ordinary least squares regression to investigate the relationship between an article's citation rate and its degree of interdisciplinarity in one area of environmental science; viz., forestry. 3 types of interdisciplinarity were recognized - authorspip, subject matter, and cited literature - and each was quantified using Brillouin's diversity index. Data consisted of more than 750 articles published in the journal 'Forest Science' during the 10year period 1985-1994. The results indicate that borrowing was the most influencial method of interdisciplinary information transfer. Articles that drew information from a diverse set of journals were cited with greater frequency than articles having smaller or more narrowly focused bibliographies. This finding provides empirical evidence that interdisciplinary methods have made a measurable and positive impact on the forestry literature

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Abstract

Individual differences between users of information systems can influence search performance. In user-centered design it is important to match users with system configurations that will optimize their performance. 2 matching strategies were explored in the first experiment: the capitalization match, and the compensatory match. Findings suggest that a compensatory match is likely to be encountered more frequently in designing information systems. Having determined an optimal match between users and systems configurations, it is necessary to find ways to ensure that users are guided to the appropriate configuration. The second experiment examined user selection of system configurations, and concluded that users do not act to optimize system configuration when they select features. This result suggests that information systems must have mechanisms such as user models to direct users to optimal configurations. These experiments suggest some of the complexities and problems encountered in applying individual differences research to user-centered design of information systems

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Abstract

We describe a novel inference method to help us deal with the problem of having sparse information about the user. The information we will have available for the user will form his/her model. That model will be represented in a conceptual graph format. We will also have gathered information about categories of users that share characteristics, preferences and interests. These will form the "prototypes", as we call them and will be represented in graphs as well. Because we will know significantly more about the prototypes, they will be the source where we will try to get the information we want for the user. This method has been implemented in FRIL

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Abstract

We introduce a technique for creating novel, enhanced thumbnails of Web pages. These thumbnails combine the advantages of plain thumbnails and text summaries to provide consistent performance on a variety of tasks. We conducted a study in which participants used three different types of summaries (enhanced thumbnails, plain thumbnails, and text summaries) to search Web pages to find several different types of information. Participants took an average of 67, 86, and 95 seconds to find the answer with enhanced thumbnails, plain thumbnails, and text summaries, respectively. As expected, there was a strong effect of question category. For some questions, text summaries outperformed plain thumbnails, while for other questions, plain thumbnails outperformed text summaries. Enhanced thumbnails (which combine the features of text summaries and plain thumbnails) had more consistent performance than either text summaries or plain thumbnails, having for all categories the best performance or performance that was statistically indistinguishable from the best

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Abstract

MEDLINE is a collection of more than 12 million references and abstracts covering recent life science literature. With its continued growth and cutting-edge terminology, spell-checking with a traditional lexicon based approach requires significant additional manual followup. In this work, an internal corpus based context quality rating a, frequency, and simple misspelling transformations are used to rank words from most likely to be misspellings to least likely. Eleven-point average precisions of 0.891 have been achieved within a class of 42,340 all alphabetic words having an a score less than 10. Our models predict that 16,274 or 38% of these words are misspellings. Based an test data, this result has a recall of 79% and a precision of 86%. In other words, spell checking can be done by statistics instead of with a dictionary. As an application we examine the time history of low a words in MEDLINE titles and abstracts.

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Abstract

Actually information services cannot work ably without web functionalities. Archives are paradigmatic examples of information systems with low use of technological possibilities. A small but hopeful step forward is the electronic encoding of descriptive information. One tool made suitable for it is a DTD - SGML for instruments of archive description named EAD (Encoded Archival Description ). Having a base in an international norm like SGML, this tool, makes the information interchange. Possible. In this work Microsoft Active Server Pages encounter a concrete method for the automatic labeling of instruments of file description utilizing the displaced to one side programming technology of the server. Although the method develops in aggregate utilizing Microsoft technology, it can be utilized in another platforms, since the result generated is a document labeled in ASCII, to plain text, and therefore easily transferable to other platforms.

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Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to explore the feasibility of using a business process model as a framework for the integrated organization of electronic information in the context of business enterprises in general, and more specifically in the SMME sector in South Africa. An SMME is defined as a separate and distinct business entity, managed by one owner or more, and having less than 100 employees. Information organization in the business environment is described within the framework of three contexts, namely (1) document creation, (2) collections of documents, and (3) information retrieval systems consisting of document surrogates. Internal and extemal information resources typically found in business enterprises are categorized according to their relationships with business processes. It is concluded that it is theoretically feasible to organize resources in SMMMs according to a business process model.

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Abstract

With this title, readers learn to push the search engine to its limits and extract the best content from Google, without having to learn complicated code. "Google Power" takes Google users under the hood, and teaches them a wide range of advanced web search techniques, through practical examples. Its content is organised by topic, so reader learns how to conduct in-depth searches on the most popular search topics, from health to government listings to people.

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Abstract

This paper describes the efforts at the Daniel Cosio Villegas Library of Colegio de Mexico (Mexico) to create a Spanish language authority file on its ALEPH online system. To date, the authorities team, composed of about ten librarians, have created over 10,000 name authorities, and close to 4,000 subject authorities in MARC format, closely following the structure of the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) records. For the subject authority file, it was decided to establish three levels of description, all of which include the LCSH English term. In order to establish the term in Spanish, seven official sources have been used, with Bilindex (1984) having the highest usage, closely followed by the subject headings list developed by Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC) of Spain. As the first Mexican NACO/SACO participants, librarians at the Colegio de Mexico Library also received training by personnel from the Library of Congress in the creation and validation of subject headings.

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Abstract

The article describes the research done over a bibliographic database in order to show the impact the specificity of the knowledge organising tools may have on information retrieval (IR). For this purpose two multilingual Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) based thesauri having different degrees of specificity are considered. Issues of harmonising a classificatory structure with a thesaurus structure are introduced, and significant aspects of information retrieval in a multilingual environment are examined in an extensive manner. Aspects of complementarity are discussed with particular emphasis on the real impact produced on IR by alternative search facilities. Finally, a number of conclusions are formulated as they arise from the study.

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Abstract

In this article the relationship between classification/indexing and retrieval is discussed. In library and information science, classification and retrieval have always been closely associated with each other. But in certain ages, because of a lack of interest in applying knowledge, it was thought that libraries were just a place for gathering and keeping books and other documents as assets. And therefore, people thought that classification was simply for arrangement, in order to have a kind of system for objects that they considered to be luxuries. The reason for this lies in their static view of things, including libraries. Changing attitudes and having a dynamic view of the world of reality will change everything. Thus, if we define that the library is not only a place for book collection but is a place where people fill their information needs, and also that librarianship is not mainly about classification, but is a discipline by which we retrieve information and receive knowledge, we may see a great change in the retrieval process.

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Abstract

In this article the relationship between classification/indexing and retrieval is discussed. In library and information science, classification and retrieval have always been closely associated with each other. But in certain ages, because of a lack of interest in applying knowledge, it was thought that libraries were just a place for gathering and keeping books and other documents as assets. And therefore, people thought that classification was simply for arrangement, in order to have a kind of system for objects that they considered to be luxuries. The reason for this lies in their static view of things, including libraries. Changing attitudes and having a dynamic view of the world of reality will change everything. Thus, if we define that the library is not only a place for book collection but is a place where people fill their information needs, and also that librarianship is not mainly about classification, but is a discipline by which we retrieve information and receive knowledge, we may see a great change in the retrieval process.

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Abstract

Catalogers in larger libraries have web access on their desktops, which puts many resources just a click away. Cataloging tools and documentation are available through web browser interfaces. Many library online catalogs are accessible for searching class numbers and other cataloging information. Web sites of publishers, governmental agencies, and individual authors abound, providing a wealth of information. Having this information readily available has had an impact on cataloging. The ability to have more than one open window on the desktop enables catalogers to copy and paste cataloging information from multiple sources. Web resources provide critical information about the context for the item in hand, resulting in better cataloging records and more accurate access points. This article discusses and gives examples of ways that information found on the web can be used to facilitate cataloging processes.

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Abstract

To celebrate the 20th anniversary of LITA/ALCTS CCS Authority Control in the Online Environment Interest Group (ACIG), a survey was sent out to its past chairs to identify the major issues concerning authority control during their tenure as chair, ACIG's major accomplishments during the year, and comments the past ACIG chairs had on the current focus and challenges for authority control in the future. The author discovered that since ACIG's creation in 1984 by Barbara Tillett, ACIG has contributed greatly to the field of authority control by addressing timely authority control topics with programs, discussions, and publications for the library community. ACIG meetings have always been well attended. ALL ACIG chairs were very proud to be part of having contributed to authority control and quite a few of them have been working very hard to promote authority control issues ever since.

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Abstract

In an attempt to ascertain whether academic libraries were having difficulty in filling cataloging positions, a survey was designed and distributed to those libraries that advertised for full-time cataloging positions in College and Research Libraries News between July 2000 and June 2002. While a number of studies done in the last decade had examined the content of job advertisements, this study tried to determine the actual outcomes of individual library searches by contacting libraries that had advertised. Using a web-based questionnaire, the authors queried these institutions on their recruitment process and hiring success. The results of this survey provided confirmation of a continued, if not increasing, difficulty in recruiting catalogers for academic libraries. Some implications for a wider debate on library school training and the general direction of the profession are discussed.