Search (4768 results, page 3 of 239)

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Abstract

It is widely believed that many queries submitted to search engines are inherently ambiguous (e.g., java and apple). However, few studies have tried to classify queries based on ambiguity and to answer "what the proportion of ambiguous queries is". This paper deals with these issues. First, we clarify the definition of ambiguous queries by constructing the taxonomy of queries from being ambiguous to specific. Second, we ask human annotators to manually classify queries. From manually labeled results, we observe that query ambiguity is to some extent predictable. Third, we propose a supervised learning approach to automatically identify ambiguous queries. Experimental results show that we can correctly identify 87% of labeled queries with the approach. Finally, by using our approach, we estimate that about 16% of queries in a real search log are ambiguous.

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Abstract

This chapter examines the nature of semantic relations and their main applications in information science. The nature and types of semantic relations are discussed from the perspectives of linguistics and psychology. An overview of the semantic relations used in knowledge structures such as thesauri and ontologies is provided, as well as the main techniques used in the automatic extraction of semantic relations from text. The chapter then reviews the use of semantic relations in information extraction, information retrieval, question-answering, and automatic text summarization applications. Concepts and relations are the foundation of knowledge and thought. When we look at the world, we perceive not a mass of colors but objects to which we automatically assign category labels. Our perceptual system automatically segments the world into concepts and categories. Concepts are the building blocks of knowledge; relations act as the cement that links concepts into knowledge structures. We spend much of our lives identifying regular associations and relations between objects, events, and processes so that the world has an understandable structure and predictability. Our lives and work depend on the accuracy and richness of this knowledge structure and its web of relations. Relations are needed for reasoning and inferencing. Chaffin and Herrmann (1988b, p. 290) noted that "relations between ideas have long been viewed as basic to thought, language, comprehension, and memory." Aristotle's Metaphysics (Aristotle, 1961; McKeon, expounded on several types of relations. The majority of the 30 entries in a section of the Metaphysics known today as the Philosophical Lexicon referred to relations and attributes, including cause, part-whole, same and opposite, quality (i.e., attribute) and kind-of, and defined different types of each relation. Hume (1955) pointed out that there is a connection between successive ideas in our minds, even in our dreams, and that the introduction of an idea in our mind automatically recalls an associated idea. He argued that all the objects of human reasoning are divided into relations of ideas and matters of fact and that factual reasoning is founded on the cause-effect relation. His Treatise of Human Nature identified seven kinds of relations: resemblance, identity, relations of time and place, proportion in quantity or number, degrees in quality, contrariety, and causation. Mill (1974, pp. 989-1004) discoursed on several types of relations, claiming that all things are either feelings, substances, or attributes, and that attributes can be a quality (which belongs to one object) or a relation to other objects.
Linguists in the structuralist tradition (e.g., Lyons, 1977; Saussure, 1959) have asserted that concepts cannot be defined on their own but only in relation to other concepts. Semantic relations appear to reflect a logical structure in the fundamental nature of thought (Caplan & Herrmann, 1993). Green, Bean, and Myaeng (2002) noted that semantic relations play a critical role in how we represent knowledge psychologically, linguistically, and computationally, and that many systems of knowledge representation start with a basic distinction between entities and relations. Green (2001, p. 3) said that "relationships are involved as we combine simple entities to form more complex entities, as we compare entities, as we group entities, as one entity performs a process on another entity, and so forth. Indeed, many things that we might initially regard as basic and elemental are revealed upon further examination to involve internal structure, or in other words, internal relationships." Concepts and relations are often expressed in language and text. Language is used not just for communicating concepts and relations, but also for representing, storing, and reasoning with concepts and relations. We shall examine the nature of semantic relations from a linguistic and psychological perspective, with an emphasis on relations expressed in text. The usefulness of semantic relations in information science, especially in ontology construction, information extraction, information retrieval, question-answering, and text summarization is discussed. Research and development in information science have focused on concepts and terms, but the focus will increasingly shift to the identification, processing, and management of relations to achieve greater effectiveness and refinement in information science techniques. Previous chapters in ARIST on natural language processing (Chowdhury, 2003), text mining (Trybula, 1999), information retrieval and the philosophy of language (Blair, 2003), and query expansion (Efthimiadis, 1996) provide a background for this discussion, as semantic relations are an important part of these applications.

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Abstract

This article describes the latest development of a generic approach to detecting and visualizing emerging trends and transient patterns in scientific literature. The work makes substantial theoretical and methodological contributions to progressive knowledge domain visualization. A specialty is conceptualized and visualized as a time-variant duality between two fundamental concepts in information science: research fronts and intellectual bases. A research front is defined as an emergent and transient grouping of concepts and underlying research issues. The intellectual base of a research front is its citation and co-citation footprint in scientific literature - an evolving network of scientific publications cited by research-front concepts. Kleinberg's (2002) burst-detection algorithm is adapted to identify emergent research-front concepts. Freeman's (1979) betweenness centrality metric is used to highlight potential pivotal points of paradigm shift over time. Two complementary visualization views are designed and implemented: cluster views and time-zone views. The contributions of the approach are that (a) the nature of an intellectual base is algorithmically and temporally identified by emergent research-front terms, (b) the value of a co-citation cluster is explicitly interpreted in terms of research-front concepts, and (c) visually prominent and algorithmically detected pivotal points substantially reduce the complexity of a visualized network. The modeling and visualization process is implemented in CiteSpace II, a Java application, and applied to the analysis of two research fields: mass extinction (1981-2004) and terrorism (1990-2003). Prominent trends and pivotal points in visualized networks were verified in collaboration with domain experts, who are the authors of pivotal-point articles. Practical implications of the work are discussed. A number of challenges and opportunities for future studies are identified.

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Footnote

This Digital Library Tool Kit was sponsored by Sun Microsystems, Inc. to address some of the leading questions that academic institutions, public libraries, government agencies, and museums face in trying to develop, manage, and distribute digital content. The evolution of Java programming, digital object standards, Internet access, electronic commerce, and digital media management models is causing educators, CIOs, and librarians to rethink many of their traditional goals and modes of operation. New audiences, continuous access to collections, and enhanced services to user communities are enabled. As one of the leading technology providers to education and library communities, Sun is pleased to present this comprehensive introduction to digital libraries

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Abstract

The representation of information contents by graphical maps is an extended ongoing research topic. In this paper we introduce the application of UDC codes for the subject maps development. We use the following graphic representation methodologies: 1) Multidimensional scaling (MDS), 2) Cluster analysis, 3) Neural networks (Self Organizing Map - SOM). Finally, we conclude about the application viability of every kind of map. 1. Introduction Advanced techniques for Information Retrieval (IR) currently make up one of the most active areas for research in the field of library and information science. New models representing document content are replacing the classic systems in which the search terms supplied by the user were compared against the indexing terms existing in the inverted files of a database. One of the topics most often studied in the last years is bibliographic browsing, a good complement to querying strategies. Since the 80's, many authors have treated this topic. For example, Ellis establishes that browsing is based an three different types of tasks: identification, familiarization and differentiation (Ellis, 1989). On the other hand, Cove indicates three different browsing types: searching browsing, general purpose browsing and serendipity browsing (Cove, 1988). Marcia Bates presents six different types (Bates, 1989), although the classification of Bawden is the one that really interests us: 1) similarity comparison, 2) structure driven, 3) global vision (Bawden, 1993). The global vision browsing implies the use of graphic representations, which we will call map displays, that allow the user to get a global idea of the nature and structure of the information in the database. In the 90's, several authors worked an this research line, developing different types of maps. One of the most active was Xia Lin what introduced the concept of Graphical Table of Contents (GTOC), comparing the maps to true table of contents based an graphic representations (Lin 1996). Lin applies the algorithm SOM to his own personal bibliography, analyzed in function of the words of the title and abstract fields, and represented in a two-dimensional map (Lin 1997). Later on, Lin applied this type of maps to create websites GTOCs, through a Java application.

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Content

"Swoogle, the Semantic web search engine, is a research project carried out by the ebiquity research group in the Computer Science and Electrical Engineering Department at the University of Maryland. It's an engine tailored towards finding documents on the semantic web. The whole research paper is available here. Semantic web is touted as the next generation of online content representation where the web documents are represented in a language that is not only easy for humans but is machine readable (easing the integration of data as never thought possible) as well. And the main elements of the semantic web include data model description formats such as Resource Description Framework (RDF), a variety of data interchange formats (e.g. RDF/XML, Turtle, N-Triples), and notations such as RDF Schema (RDFS), the Web Ontology Language (OWL), all of which are intended to provide a formal description of concepts, terms, and relationships within a given knowledge domain (Wikipedia). And Swoogle is an attempt to mine and index this new set of web documents. The engine performs crawling of semantic documents like most web search engines and the search is available as web service too. The engine is primarily written in Java with the PHP used for the front-end and MySQL for database. Swoogle is capable of searching over 10,000 ontologies and indexes more that 1.3 million web documents. It also computes the importance of a Semantic Web document. The techniques used for indexing are the more google-type page ranking and also mining the documents for inter-relationships that are the basis for the semantic web. For more information on how the RDF framework can be used to relate documents, read the link here. Being a research project, and with a non-commercial motive, there is not much hype around Swoogle. However, the approach to indexing of Semantic web documents is an approach that most engines will have to take at some point of time. When the Internet debuted, there were no specific engines available for indexing or searching. The Search domain only picked up as more and more content became available. One fundamental question that I've always wondered about it is - provided that the search engines return very relevant results for a query - how to ascertain that the documents are indeed the most relevant ones available. There is always an inherent delay in indexing of document. Its here that the new semantic documents search engines can close delay. Experimenting with the concept of Search in the semantic web can only bore well for the future of search technology."

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Content

- User Interface hostility - Recently I used the Library catalogs of two public libraries, new products from two major library vendors. A link an one catalog said "Knowledge Portal," whatever that was supposed to mean. Clicking an it brought you to two choices: Z39.50 Bibliographic Sites and the World Wide Web. No public library user will have the faintest clue what Z39.50 is. The other catalog launched a Java applet that before long froze my web browser so badly I was forced to shut the program down. Pick a popular book and pretend you are a library patron. Choose three to five libraries at random from the lib web-cats site (pick catalogs that are not using your system) and attempt to find your book. Try as much as possible to see the system through the eyes of your patrons-a teenager, a retiree, or an older faculty member. You may not always like what you see. Now go back to your own system and try the same thing. - What should the public see? - Our users deserve an information system that helps them find all different kinds of resources-books, articles, web pages, working papers in institutional repositories-and gives them the tools to focus in an what they want. This is not, and should not be, the library catalog. It must communicate with the catalog, but it will also need to interface with other information systems, such as vendor databases and web search engines. What will such a tool look like? We are seeing the beginnings of such a tool in the current offerings of cross-database search tools from a few vendors (see "Cross-Database Search," LJ 10/15/01, p. 29ff). We are in the early stages of developing the kind of robust, userfriendly tool that will be required before we can pull our catalogs from public view. Meanwhile, we can begin by making what we have easier to understand and use."

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Content

Long Papers * Suggestions for OWL 3, Pascal Hitzler. * BestMap: Context-Aware SKOS Vocabulary Mappings in OWL 2, Rinke Hoekstra. * Mechanisms for Importing Modules, Bijan Parsia, Ulrike Sattler and Thomas Schneider. * A Syntax for Rules in OWL 2, Birte Glimm, Matthew Horridge, Bijan Parsia and Peter Patel-Schneider. * PelletSpatial: A Hybrid RCC-8 and RDF/OWL Reasoning and Query Engine, Markus Stocker and Evren Sirin. * The OWL API: A Java API for Working with OWL 2 Ontologies, Matthew Horridge and Sean Bechhofer. * From Justifications to Proofs for Entailments in OWL, Matthew Horridge, Bijan Parsia and Ulrike Sattler. * A Solution for the Man-Man Problem in the Family History Knowledge Base, Dmitry Tsarkov, Ulrike Sattler and Robert Stevens. * Towards Integrity Constraints in OWL, Evren Sirin and Jiao Tao. * Processing OWL2 ontologies using Thea: An application of logic programming, Vangelis Vassiliadis, Jan Wielemaker and Chris Mungall. * Reasoning in Metamodeling Enabled Ontologies, Nophadol Jekjantuk, Gerd Gröner and Jeff Z. Pan.

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Abstract

Dieses Jahrbuch des Instituts für Deutsche Sprache ist dem Jahr der Geisteswissenschaften gewidmet und beleuchtet aus interdisziplinärer Perspektive das Zusammenwirken von cultural und linguistic turn. Die Beiträge aus Linguistik, Kultur- und Kognitionswissenschaft sowie Literatur- und Geschichtswissenschaft zielen darauf ab, die kulturwissenschaftlichen Traditionen der Sprachwissenschaft zu vergegenwärtigen und gleichzeitig den Anschluss der Linguistik an die modernen Forschungsrichtungen der Kulturwissenschaft zu dokumentieren: Hermeneutik, Rhetorik und Lexikographie, Kognitionstheorie und Diskursanalyse werden aus sprachwissenschaftlicher Perspektive diskutiert. Darüber hinaus beleuchten die Beiträge die Folgen des linguistic turn in den Nachbarwissenschaften exemplarisch anhand der Literaturwissenschaft und der Historiographie. Insgesamt präsentiert der Band das Spektrum von Grundlagen, Theorien und Methoden sowie anwendungsbezogene Beispiele einer kulturwissenschaftlichen Linguistik.

BK

17.10 Sprache in Beziehung zu anderen Bereichen der Wissenschaft und Kultur
18.00 Einzelne Sprachen und Literaturen allgemein

Classification

ES 360: Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaften / Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Spezialbereiche der allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft
ER 300: Kongressberichte, Sammelwerke (verschiedener Autoren) / Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft
ER 940: Sprechen und Denken, Kompetenz und Performanz, Pragmatik / Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft
ES 110: Sprache und Kultur / Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Spezialbereiche der allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft
17.10 Sprache in Beziehung zu anderen Bereichen der Wissenschaft und Kultur
18.00 Einzelne Sprachen und Literaturen allgemein

RVK

ES 360: Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaften / Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Spezialbereiche der allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft
ER 300: Kongressberichte, Sammelwerke (verschiedener Autoren) / Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft
ER 940: Sprechen und Denken, Kompetenz und Performanz, Pragmatik / Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft
ES 110: Sprache und Kultur / Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Spezialbereiche der allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft

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Abstract

Im vorliegenden Band 8 wird die Mechanisierung und Automation der hauptsächlichen Akte und Operationen des Erkennens in ihrer Genese und in ihrer gnoseologischen Bedeutung erforscht. Die Untersuchung geht aus von technikgeschichtlichen Spezialabhandlungen, wissenschafts- und technik-journalistischen Berichten sowie von Prospekten automatenherstellender Firmen samt Besichtigung der Geräte und Maschinen. Die Gliederung der enormen Stoffmassen erfolgt nach den Gruppen der einzelnen erkennenden Akte und Operationen: den perzeptiven, speichernden und inventiven Akten und den sprachlichen, mathematischen und wissensbasiert-deduktiven Operationen. Für die einzelnen Akte und Operationen werden die geschichtlichen Entwicklungen skizziert und die hauptsächlichen Automaten in anschaulichen Beispielen vorgestellt. In der Synthese entsteht ein Oberblick über eine der umwälzendsten Bewegungen in der jüngsten Phase der Evolution des Erkennens.

Footnote

Band 8 von: System und Evolution des menschlichen Erkennens: Ein Handbuch der evolutionären Erkenntnistheorie

Series

Philosophische Texte und Studien; Bd 46,8

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Abstract

Im Rahmen der technischen Redaktion, der Fachübersetzung und der Terminologiearbeit werden Verfahren und Werkzeuge zur Verwaltung und Nutzung des (technischen) Fachwortschatzes benötigt; im Bereich der Information und Dokumentation erarbeitet und nutzt man Systeme, die Information und Wissen verwaltbar, zugänglich und wieder auffindbar machen. Die in diesen Anwendungsbereichen erarbeiteten und genutzten Sammlungen von meist fachsprachlichen Informationen werden in der Praxis häufig undifferenziert als Glossar, Wörterbuch, Lexikon, Vokabular, Nomenklatur, Thesaurus, Terminologie oder Ontologie bezeichnet. Dieser Beitrag zeigt die Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten dieser einzelnen Typen von geordneten Wissensbeständen auf, wobei auch auf die spezielle Methoden und Paradigmen der Terminologiewissenschaft und der Informationswissenschaft eingegangen wird.

Source

Information und Sprache: Beiträge zu Informationswissenschaft, Computerlinguistik, Bibliothekswesen und verwandten Fächern. Festschrift für Harald H. Zimmermann. Herausgegeben von Ilse Harms, Heinz-Dirk Luckhardt und Hans W. Giessen

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Abstract

OSIRIS und ELIB sind von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) und dem Niedersächsischen Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kultur (MWK) geförderte Projekte an der Universität Osnabrück. Sie beschäftigen sich mit intuitiv-natürlichsprachlichen Retrievalsystemen und mit Fragen der Indexierung großer Volltexdatenbanken in dieser Technik. Die Entwicklungen haben dazu geführt, daß an sich aufwendige und komplexe Verfahren der syntaktisch-semantischen Analyse und Bewertung von textuellen Phrasen in relationale Datenbanken für Massendaten eingebettet werden konnten und nun im Produktionsbetrieb eingesetzt werden können

Source

Mitteilungen der Vereinigung Österreichischer Bibliothekarinnen und Bibliothekare. 54(2001) H.1, S.55-62

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Abstract

Nach historischem Abriß des öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunks in Deutschland und Australien werden Programmstrukturen und -richtlinien behandelt, die sich auf die ethnische Vielfalt der Länder beziehen, ferner die multikulturelle Gesellschaft beider Länder und die Rolle der Medien bei der Integration. Ausgewählte Formate und ihre Programme werden auf ihren Anteil an Multikulturalität hin ausgewertet und Ergebnisse einer in Sydney und Hamburg durchgeführten Rezeptionsstudie miteinander verglichen.

Imprint

Hamburg : Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften, FB Bibliothek und Information

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Content

The JAVA applet is available at <http://ella.slis.indiana.edu/~junzhang/dlib/IV.html>. A prototype of this interface has been developed and is available at <http://ella.slis.indiana.edu/~junzhang/dlib/IV.html>. The D-Lib search interface is available at <http://www.dlib.org/Architext/AT-dlib2query.html>.

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Abstract

Das Fachinformationszentrum (FIZ) Karlsruhe ist als internationale Drehscheibe für Fachinformation seit Jahrzehnten verlässlicher und professioneller Servicepartner der Informationssuchenden in Wissenschaft und Technik. Neue web-basierte Dienstleistungen und Produkte erlauben dem professionellen Informationsbroker ebenso wie dem gelegentlichen Onliner oder Internet Pedestrian den effizienten und kostengünstigen Zugang zu Metadaten, naturwissenschaftlich-technisehen Daten und Fakten. Elektronische Volltexte per Hyperlink oder die komplette Dokument-Vermittlung werden gleichfalls angeboten. Die Weiterentwicklung und flexible Anpassung der Informationssysteme ermöglichen auch die Verknüpfung mit lokalen und regionalen Netzen der Forschungseinrichtungen und Hochschulen. Neue Serviceleistungen und Abrechnungsverfahren bieten besonders preisgünstige Konditionen für Hochschulen durch akademische Programme und Festpreise auf Subskriptionsbasis für ausgewählte Datenbanken. Darüber hinaus ist das FIZ Karlsruhe kompetenter Kooperationspartner bei Entwicklung und Betrieb von Informationssystemen

Source

nfd Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 51(2000) H.7, S.397-406

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Abstract

Der "Hiller/Füssel", das bewährte Nachschlagewerk für Buch und Verlag, Papier und Druck, Einband und Restaurierung, Redaktionen und Bibliotheken, Internet und Medienkonzerne für die Hand jedes Studierenden, Auszubildenden, Praktikers und Bücherfreundes. Die sechste, von den Spezialisten des Mainzer Instituts für Buchwissenschaft grundlegend überarbeitete Fassung ist kompakt, zuverlässig und aktuell. Hier sind nun auch die neuesten Entwicklungen und Tendenzen in Buchmarkt und Buchwissenschaft berücksichtigt und umfassend dargestellt: Globalisierung und Marktkonzentration, elektronisches Publizieren und Printing an Demand, der Internet-Buchhandel, Preisbindung, Urhebervertragsrecht und und und ...

Classification

AN 17000 [Allgemeines # Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft # Buchwesen # Nachschlagewerke, Allgemeine Darstellungen # Fachwörterbücher einsprachig]

RVK

AN 17000 [Allgemeines # Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft # Buchwesen # Nachschlagewerke, Allgemeine Darstellungen # Fachwörterbücher einsprachig]

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Series

Zeitschrift für Bibliothekswesen und Bibliographie: Sonderh.80

Source

Wissenschaft online: Elektronisches Publizieren in Bibliothek und Hochschule. Hrsg. B. Tröger

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Source

Gehirn und Geist: Das Magazin für Hirnforschung und Psychologie. 2002, H.2, S.90-92

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Source

Gehirn und Geist: Das Magazin für Hirnforschung und Psychologie. 2002, H.3, S.92-94

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Abstract

Die Berücksichtigung der Informationsbedarfe und Informationsgewohnheiten ihrer jeweiligen Zielgruppe ist ein wesentliches Charakteristikum desAngebots der Virtuellen Fachbibliotheken Technik und Physik: Von Ingenieuren und Physikern gestellte Anforderungen an ein Informationsangebot werden in den Virtuellen Fachbibliotheken Technik und Physik umgesetzt, um demAnspruch gerecht zu werden, einen integrierten Zugang zu fachrelevanten Informationen und Dienstleistungen zu bieten. Dabei ist nicht nur bei derAuswahl der bereitgestellten Informationsquellen, sondern insbesondere auch bei derAufbereitung (wie z.B. der sachlichen Erschließung) und Präsentation der Inhalte und Angebote der Virtuellen Fachbibliotheken auf fachspezifische Gewohnheiten und Konventionen zu achten. Kooperationen z.B. mit Fachwissenschaftlern und mit Informationslieferanten sind für die Bereitstellung eines umfassenden und qualitativ hochwertigen Angebots wesentlich.

Source

Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 55(2004) H.2, S.81-88