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  1. Judge, A.J.N.: Representation of sets : the role of number (1979) 0.25 
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    Klassifikation und Erkenntnis I. Proc. der Plenarvorträge und der Sektion 1 "Klassifikation und Wissensgewinnung" der 3. Fachtagung der Gesellschaft für Klassifikation, Königstein/Ts., 5.-6.4.1979
  2. Rügenhagen, M.; Beck, T.S.; Sartorius, E.J.: Information integrity in the era of Fake News : an experiment using library guidelines to judge information integrity (2020) 0.16 
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    Source
    Bibliothek: Forschung und Praxis. 44(2020) H.1, S.34-53
  3. Dahlberg, I. (Bearb.): Klassifikation und Erkenntnis I : Proc. der Plenarvorträge und der Sektion 1 "Klassifikation und Wissensgewinnung" der 3. Fachtagung der Gesellschaft für Klassifikation, Königstein/Ts., 5.-6.4.1979 (1979) 0.15 
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    Content
    Enthält die Beiträge: SCHEELE, M. Der Mensch als Voraussetzung und als Ziel der Klassifikationsforschung; JUDGE, A.J.N.: Representation of sets: the role of number; DAHLBERG, W.: Zur Geometrie der Grundbegriffe; MERTENS, P.: Die Theorie der Mustererkennung in den Wirtschaftswissenschaften; HANSERT, E.: Statistik als Methodik zur Konstruktion von Wissen; SCHWENDTKE; A.: Wissenschaftssystematik und Scientometrologie; HENRICHS, N.: Gegenstandstheoretische Grundlagen der Bibliotheksklassifikation?; FUGMANN, R. u. J.H. WINTER: Durch mechanisierte Klassifikation zum Analogieschluss; GREITER, F., G. GUTTMANN, E. OESER: Die Rolle der Klassifikation bei der Entwicklung und Bewertung neuer Produkte
  4. Lischka, K.: Scherzbolde im Whitehouse.net : Die neuen Internet-Adressen wie .info oder.biz brachten nicht die erhoffte Systematik in das Netz (2003) 0.12 
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    Content
    "Fachleute sagten im Juli 1999 voraus, heute werde es mehr als 100 Millionen Domainnamen geben. Die Schätzung ging daneben: Derzeit gibt es nur halb so viele Internet-Adressen. Die befürchteten Probleme dagegen sind schon da: Eingängige Bezeichnungen in populären Namensräumen wie.com oder. net sind knapp und bisweilen teuer: So wurde wallstreet com für gut eine Million Euro verkauft. Neue Adressen, die die Netzverwaltung Icann seit zwei Jahren schrittweise einführt, sollten Abhilfe schaffen. Doch nach den bisherigen Erfahrungen sieht es nicht so aus, als seien.info oder.bix eine Lösung. Sieben neue Namensräume hat Icann genehmigt. Der letzte -.pro für Ärzte, Anwälte und Steuerberater - startet in den nächsten Wochen. Die erfolgreichste neue Top-Level-Domains (TLD) ist info mit mehr als einer Million registrierter Adressen. Doch nur 18 Prozent werden tatsächlich für Inhalte genutzt, sagt Tim Schumacher, Geschäftsführer der Plattform für Domainhandel Sedo: "Ein Großteil ist ungenutzt in den Händen von Spekulanten." 8000 Euro kostet etwa fonds.info. Über Zahlen kann man streiten. Der Verwalter der.info-Domeins Afilias spricht von weit mehr aktiven Seiten. Dennoch ist klar: Der allgemein zugängliche .info-Na-mensraum ist wohl deshalb so erfolgreich, weil Markeninhaber und Spekulanten sich auf die Adressen stürzten. Die einen vorbeugend, die anderen in der Hoffnung auf das große Geschäft. Exemplarisch ist der Streit zwischen Bundespresseamt und einer Duisburger Internet Agentur um bundesregierung.info. Grund für die Probleme: Es mangelt an Systematik im Namensraum. In den Vereinigten Staaten wissen die meisten Nutzer, dass unter whitehouse.net nicht Regierungsmitglieder gebrauchte Spionageflugzeuge verscherbeln, sondern Scherzbolde. Der echte Staatschef findet man unter der Endung.gov für Government (Regierung). International fehlt Vergleichbares; daher die Nöte des Bundespresseamts. Mehr als die Hälfte der weltweit registrierten Adressen liegt in globalen, allgemein offenen Namensräumen wie .com, .org oder.net. Der große Rest fällt in die Länder-Domeins wie de. Die neuen, nur für kleine Zielgruppen registrierbaren Nischenangebote sind bislang kein Erfolg. Was allerdings auch an der Auswahl liegen kann. So ist.coop Arbeitsgemeinschaften vorbehalten. Die Registrierzentrale freut sich über 7000 Anmeldungen-unter anderem von einer landwirtschaftlichen Kooperative aus der Mongolei. Eine Top Level Domain wie mobile für Mobilfunkunternehmen wäre erfolgreicher gewesen. Auch für den Namensbereich name malte sich die "Global Name Registry" mehr Interesse aus. Von etwa einer Million Kunden in 18 Monaten war die Rede. Derzeit sind es etwa 150000. Die Firma bleibt jedoch optimistisch: "Es gibt weltweit vielleicht 25 Millionen Unternehmen mit Interesse an Domainnamen, aber potenziell 600 Millionen Individuen", sagt Mitgründer Hakon Haugnes. Ein Beispiel für sinnvolle Lösungen ist der .aero-Namensraum. Dort gelten Benennungsstandards. Viele weltweit etablierte Codes für Fluggesellschaften führen zum Ziel; Ba.aero kann zum Beispiel nur British Airways registrieren. Derzeit diskutiert die Vergabezentrale eine Ausweitung der Regelung auf die standardisierten Flughafen-Codes und Flugnummern. Das Problem: Solche Vorgaben existieren nur selten a priori. Meist müssten sie mit dem Namensbereich geschaffen werden. Hier kritisiert der US-Rechtsprofessor Milton Mueller scharf die Organisation zur Verwaltung des Namensystems Icann: "Sie haben weder für die Einteilung, noch für die Aufteilung der Ressource Namensraum verbindliche Methoden definiert. Sie arbeiten als ein zentrales Planungsbüro im Sowjetstil und entscheiden nach absolut beliebigen Herangehensweisen auf Ad-hoc-Basis, welche Top Level Domains es gibt, wie sie verteilt werden, wer sie verwaltet." Icann wehrt sich mit der Begründung, sie dürfe als Selbstregulierungs-Organisation keine Politik betreiben.
    Wenn man den lange geforderten Namensraum .xxx für Erwachsenenunterhaltung oder.kids für kindgerechte Angebote einrichte, müsse jemand definieren, was global als kindgerecht gilt. Allerdings hat Icann längst politische Entscheidungen getroffen. Etwa im März 2000, als man der palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde die Länder-Domain .ps zusprach. Auch anderswo betreibe Icann schon Politik, wirft Milton Mueller ein: "Die Entscheidungen spiegeln die Interessen von Markeninhabern wieder, die glauben, von einer künstlichen Knappheit im Namensraum zu profitieren." Der Hintergrund: Je weniger Domainarten es gibt, desto weniger Adressen müssen zum Schutz vor Spekulanten gekauft werden. Eine systematische Erweiterung des Namensraums könnte attraktiv für internationale Organisationen oder Firmen sein. Warum soll nicht BMW eine Top Level Domain erhalten, unter der nationale Unterorganisationen auftreten? Die Verknüpfung von Erweiterung und Systematisierung würde der Netzverwaltung mehr Gestaltungsmacht geben. Das aber will kaum ein Kritiker des heutigen Systems. Manche fordern gar beliebige Top Level Domains. Unternehmen wie das deutsche Beat-Nie oder das amerikanische New.net arbeiten daran: Sie errichten parallel zur offiziellen Infrastruktur alternative Namenssysteme. Doch die Nutzer müssen ihre Rechner umkonfigurieren, um die Angebote zu finden. Letztlich könnte das dazu führen, dass abhängig von der installierten Software unterschiedliche Seiten unter demselben Namen erscheinen. Fachleute bezeichnen die Endungen von Internetadressen als Top Level Domains. Die meisten werden für Länder vergeben (etwa .de für Deutschland), manche auch nach Themen und Zielgruppen: Diese generischen Top Level Domains sind: .aero Luftfahrtindustrie - .biz Kommerz - .com früher Kommerz, jetzt offen - .coop Genossenschaften - .edu US-Bildungseinrichtungen - .gov US-Regierung - .info Informationsdienste - .museum Museen - .mil US-Militär - .name Privatpersonen - .net früher Netzbetreiber, jetzt offen- .org früher Organisationen, offen - .pro "Professionals" - bestimmte Berufsgruppen."
  5. Fountain, J.F.: Headings for children's materials : an LCSH/Sears companion (1993) 0.11 
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    Footnote
    Rez. in: Public library quarterly 15(1996) no.1, S.65-66 (A.L. Judge)
  6. Auer, S.; Oelen, A.; Haris, A.M.; Stocker, M.; D'Souza, J.; Farfar, K.E.; Vogt, L.; Prinz, M.; Wiens, V.; Jaradeh, M.Y.: Improving access to scientific literature with knowledge graphs : an experiment using library guidelines to judge information integrity (2020) 0.10 
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    Source
    Bibliothek: Forschung und Praxis. 44(2020) H.3, S.516-529
  7. Tenopir, C.; Jascó, P.: Quality of abstracts (1993) 0.07 
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    Abstract
    Abstracts enable users to judge the relevance of articles, provide a summary and may be a substitute for the original document. Defines abstracts and considers who they are written be according to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and other sources. Distinguishes between indicative and informative abstracts. Informative abstracts are preferred by ANSI and ERIC. Discusses the content and procedures for abstracting, writing style, tests of quality and readability and informativeness. Presents statistics analyzing abstracts from 3 general interest databases and on abstract length and type
  8. Tenner, R.: ¬An implosion of knowledge? : the quality of information is not keeping up with the quntity (1993) 0.07 
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    Abstract
    Describes the information explosion and poses the question of whether the explosion is driving an equal and opposite information implosion. Uses 4 criteria to judge whether available information has become better or worse: cost, ease or difficulty of access; variety of sources; and clarity. Concludes that none of these have improved over the last generation
  9. Judge, A.J.N.: Envisaging the art of navigating conceptual complexity : in search of software combining artistic and conceptual insights (1995) 0.07 
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  10. Denning, R.; Shuttleworth, M.; Smith, P.: Interface design concepts in the development of a Web-based information retrieval system (1998) 0.07 
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    Abstract
    Präsentation folgender Gestaltungsprinzipien: (1) Help the user develop an understanding of the operation of the interface and the search process; (2) Provide information to help users judge the value of continuing a search path; (3) Assist the user in refining the search query or search topic; (4) Provide verbal labels suggestive of meaning
  11. Judge, A.J.N.: Strategic correspondences : computer-aided insight scaffolding (1996) 0.07 
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  12. Pal, S.; Mitra, M.; Kamps, J.: Evaluation effort, reliability and reusability in XML retrieval (2011) 0.06 
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    Abstract
    The Initiative for the Evaluation of XML retrieval (INEX) provides a TREC-like platform for evaluating content-oriented XML retrieval systems. Since 2007, INEX has been using a set of precision-recall based metrics for its ad hoc tasks. The authors investigate the reliability and robustness of these focused retrieval measures, and of the INEX pooling method. They explore four specific questions: How reliable are the metrics when assessments are incomplete, or when query sets are small? What is the minimum pool/query-set size that can be used to reliably evaluate systems? Can the INEX collections be used to fairly evaluate "new" systems that did not participate in the pooling process? And, for a fixed amount of assessment effort, would this effort be better spent in thoroughly judging a few queries, or in judging many queries relatively superficially? The authors' findings validate properties of precision-recall-based metrics observed in document retrieval settings. Early precision measures are found to be more error-prone and less stable under incomplete judgments and small topic-set sizes. They also find that system rankings remain largely unaffected even when assessment effort is substantially (but systematically) reduced, and confirm that the INEX collections remain usable when evaluating nonparticipating systems. Finally, they observe that for a fixed amount of effort, judging shallow pools for many queries is better than judging deep pools for a smaller set of queries. However, when judging only a random sample of a pool, it is better to completely judge fewer topics than to partially judge many topics. This result confirms the effectiveness of pooling methods.
  13. Borko, H.; Chatman, S.: Criteria for acceptable abstracts : a survey of abstractors' instructions (1963) 0.06 
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    Abstract
    The need for criteria by which to judge the adequacy of an abstract is felt most strongly when evaluating machine-produced abstracts. In order to develop a set of criteria, a survey was conducted of the instructions prepared by various scientific publications as a guide to their abstracters in the preparation of copy. One-hundred-and-thirty sets of instructions were analyzed and compared as to their function, content, and form. It was concluded that, while differences in subject matter do not necessarily require different kinds of abstracts, there are significant variations between the informative and the indicative abstract. A set of criteria for the writing of an acceptable abstract of science literature was derived. The adequacy of these criteria is still to be validated, and the athors' plans for fututre research in this area are specified
  14. Janes, J.W.: ¬The binary nature of continous relevance judgements : a study of users' perceptions (1991) 0.06 
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    Abstract
    Replicates a previous study by Eisenberg and Hu regarding users' perceptions of the binary or dichotomous nature of their relevance judgements. The studies examined the assumptions that searchers divide documents evenly into relevant and nonrelevant. 35 staff, faculty and doctoral students at Michigan Univ., School of Education and Dept. of Psychology conducted searchers and the retrieved documents submitted to the searchers in 3 incremental versions: title only; title and abstract; title, abstract and indexing information: At each stage the subjects were asked to judge the relevance of the document to the query. The findings support the earlier study and the break points between relevance and nonrelevance was not at or near 50%
  15. Wilbur, W.J.; Coffee, L.: ¬The effectiveness of document neighboring in search enhancement (1994) 0.06 
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    Abstract
    Considers two kinds of queries that may be applied to a database. The first is a query written by a searcher to express an information need. The second is a request for documents most similar to a document already judge relevant by the searcher. Examines the effectiveness of these two procedures and shows that in important cases the latter query types is more effective than the former. This provides a new view of the cluster hypothesis and a justification for document neighbouring procedures. If all the documents in a database have readily available precomputed nearest neighbours, a new search algorithm, called parallel neighbourhood searching. Shows that this feedback-based method provides significant improvement in recall over traditional linear searching methods, and appears superior to traditional feedback methods in overall performance
  16. Armstrong, C.J.: Do we really care about quality? (1995) 0.06 
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    Abstract
    With the increased use of local area networks, CD-ROMs and the Internet, an enormous amount of traditional material is becoming available. Quality issues are therefore becoming even more vital. Describes a methodology being evaluated by The Centre for Information Quality (CIQM) whereby databases can be quantitatively labelled by their producers, so that users can judge how much reliance can be place on them. At the same time, each label bacomes a database specific standard to which its information provider must adhere. This may be a route to responsible information supply
  17. Armstrong, C.J.; Wheatley, A.: Writing abstracts for online databases : results of database producers' guidelines (1998) 0.06 
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    Abstract
    Reports on one area of research in an Electronic Libraries Programme (eLib) MODELS (MOving to Distributed Environments for Library Services) supporting study in 3 investigative areas: examination of current database producers' guidelines for their abstract writers; a brief survey of abstracts in some traditional online databases; and a detailed survey of abstracts from 3 types of electronic database (print sourced online databases, Internet subject trees or directories, and Internet gateways). Examination of database producers' guidelines, reported here, gave a clear view of the intentions behind professionally produced traditional (printed index based) database abstracts and provided a benchmark against which to judge the conclusions of the larger investigations into abstract style, readability and content
  18. Chen, K.-H.: Evaluating Chinese text retrieval with multilingual queries (2002) 0.06 
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    Abstract
    This paper reports the design of a Chinese test collection with multilingual queries and the application of this test collection to evaluate information retrieval Systems. The effective indexing units, IR models, translation techniques, and query expansion for Chinese text retrieval are identified. The collaboration of East Asian countries for construction of test collections for cross-language multilingual text retrieval is also discussed in this paper. As well, a tool is designed to help assessors judge relevante and gather the events of relevante judgment. The log file created by this tool will be used to analyze the behaviors of assessors in the future.
  19. Seadle, M.: Project ethnography : an anthropological approach to assessing digital library services (2000) 0.06 
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    Abstract
    OFTEN LIBRARIES TRY TO ASSESS DIGITAL LIBRARY SERVICE for their user populations in comprehensive terms that judge its overall success or failure. This article's key assumption is that the people involved must be understood before services can be assessed, especially if evaluators and developers intend to improve a digital library product. Its argument is simply that anthropology can provide the initial understanding, the intellectual basis, on which informed choices about sample population, survey design, or focus group selection can reasonably be made. As an example, this article analyzes the National Gallery of the Spoken Word (NGSW). It includes brief descriptions of nine NGSW micro-cultures and three pairs of dichotomies within these micro-cultures.
  20. Atlas, M.C.; Little, K.R.; Purcell, M.O.: Flip charts at the OPAC : using transaction log analysis to judge their effectiveness (1997) 0.06 
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